PSYC310 - textbook

Question 1

What are the five main ways people acquire knowledge?

Answer 1

• Intuition
• Authority
• Rationalism
• Empiricism
• The Scientific Method

Question 2

What is intuition in the context of acquiring knowledge?

Answer 2

Knowledge based on gut feelings or instincts; often biased and unreliable.

Question 3

What does authority refer to in the methods of knowing?

Answer 3

Accepting information from authority figures; saves time but can be misleading.

Question 4

Define rationalism as a method of knowing.

Answer 4

Using logic and reasoning to draw conclusions; reliant on correct premises.

Question 5

What is empiricism?

Answer 5

Learning through observation and experience; limited by personal perspective.

Question 6

How is the scientific method defined?

Answer 6

A systematic process of collecting and analyzing evidence through structured observation.

Question 7

List the three fundamental features of science.

Answer 7

• Systematic Empiricism
• Empirical Questions
• Public Knowledge

Question 8

What does systematic empiricism entail?

Answer 8

Knowledge gained through carefully planned, recorded, and analyzed observations.

Question 9

What type of questions does science address?

Answer 9

Empirical questions about what is observable and measurable.

Question 10

Why is public knowledge important in science?

Answer 10

Research is shared through publication, allowing for evaluation and correction.

Question 11

What distinguishes pseudoscience from science?

Answer 11

Lacks systematic evidence, may not be falsifiable, and often avoids public scrutiny.

Question 12

Give common examples of pseudoscience.

Answer 12

• Astrology
• ESP
• Homeopathy
• Graphology
• Cryptozoology

Question 13

What are the three goals of science?

Answer 13

• Describe
• Predict
• Explain

Question 14

What is basic research?

Answer 14

Aims to increase general knowledge without a direct practical goal.

Question 15

What is applied research?

Answer 15

Aims to solve real-world problems.

Question 16

What is a limitation of common sense in psychology?

Answer 16

Folk psychology often leads to inaccurate beliefs about behavior.

Question 17

What does skepticism in science entail?

Answer 17

Questioning claims, considering alternatives, and seeking systematic evidence.

Question 18

Who are experimental psychologists?

Answer 18

Holders of Ph.D. or master’s degrees focusing on research, not clinical practice.

Question 19

What is the role of clinical psychologists?

Answer 19

To diagnose and treat mental/behavioral disorders.

Question 20

What are Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs)?

Answer 20

Treatments proven effective by research.

Question 21

What is the first step in scientific research in psychology?

Answer 21

Formulate a research question.

Question 22

What is a strong research question based on?

Answer 22

Creativity, persistence, and ordinary thinking strategies.

Question 23

What is an operational definition?

Answer 23

Specifies how a variable is measured.

Question 24

Differentiate between quantitative and categorical variables.

Answer 24

• Quantitative: Measured numerically
• Categorical: Measured by category labels

Question 25

What is the difference between experimental and non-experimental research?

Answer 25

* Experimental: Tests causal relationships * Non-experimental: Describes and predicts without causal determination

Question 26

What are descriptive statistics?

Answer 26

Summarize and organize data, e.g., mean, median, mode.

Question 27

What is a Type I error?

Answer 27

Concluding there is an effect when none exists.

Question 28

What is the purpose of peer-reviewed journal articles?

Answer 28

To disseminate research findings and ensure quality through evaluation.

Question 29

What are the four moral principles guiding ethical research?

Answer 29

* Weigh risks vs benefits * Act responsibly/integrity * Seek justice * Respect rights/dignity

Question 30

What does it mean to respect rights and dignity in research?

Answer 30

To ensure informed consent and maintain participant privacy.

Question 31

What is a potential conflict in research ethics?

Answer 31

Benefits for one group may harm another.

Question 32

What ethical principle requires weighing risks against benefits in research?

Answer 32

Risks vs benefits ## Footnote This principle guides the ethical considerations in research, ensuring that potential negative outcomes are justified by the expected benefits.

Question 33

What is the Nuremberg Code?

Answer 33

A set of ethical guidelines established in 1947 in response to Nazi experiments, emphasizing informed consent and weighing risks vs benefits ## Footnote The Nuremberg Code was a pivotal document in the development of ethical standards in human research.

Question 34

What does the Declaration of Helsinki add to research ethics?

Answer 34

The need for written protocols reviewed by independent committees ## Footnote This ensures that research is conducted according to predefined ethical standards.

Question 35

What are the three levels of IRB review?

Answer 35

* Exempt: minimal risk (e.g., surveys) * Expedited: slightly higher but still minimal risk * Full board: greater than minimal risk ## Footnote These levels help determine the appropriate oversight for different types of research.

Question 36

What is required for informed consent according to the APA Ethics Code?

Answer 36

* Participants must know purpose * Procedures * Risks * Benefits * Rights to withdraw * Confidentiality * Incentives ## Footnote Informed consent is a fundamental ethical requirement that ensures participants are fully aware of what they are agreeing to.

Question 37

True or False: Deception in research is always prohibited.

Answer 37

False ## Footnote Deception is allowed if justified, poses low risk, and participants are debriefed afterward.

Question 38

What should debriefing after a study explain?

Answer 38

* Study purpose * Reveal deception * Correct misconceptions * Minimize harm ## Footnote Debriefing is essential for restoring participants' understanding and well-being.

Question 39

What is the principle of beneficence in research ethics?

Answer 39

Maximize benefits and minimize harm ## Footnote This principle is part of the Belmont Report and is fundamental to ethical research practices.

Question 40

Fill in the blank: The _______ emphasizes justice, respect for persons, and beneficence.

Answer 40

Belmont Report ## Footnote The Belmont Report serves as a cornerstone for federal laws on research ethics.

Question 41

What are the responsibilities of researchers regarding risks?

Answer 41

* Identify all risks * Get input from collaborators * Modify design to minimize risks * Protect confidentiality ## Footnote Researchers must actively work to minimize risks to participants throughout the research process.

Question 42

What ethical issues must be considered before, during, and after research?

Answer 42

* Planning * Data collection * Publication ## Footnote Ethical considerations are integral at all stages of the research process.

Question 43

What does the APA Ethics Code say about animal research?

Answer 43

Humane care must be provided, minimizing pain and using alternatives where possible ## Footnote The APA emphasizes ethical treatment of animals in research settings.

Question 44

What is the main focus of Standard 8 in the APA Ethics Code?

Answer 44

Research and Publication ## Footnote This standard outlines the ethical obligations of psychologists in conducting and publishing research.

Question 45

What is the ethical responsibility of researchers after obtaining IRB approval?

Answer 45

* Stick to approved protocol * Monitor participant reactions * Protect confidentiality * Maintain integrity in publication ## Footnote Researchers must ensure ethical standards are upheld throughout the research process.

Question 46

What is the definition of informed consent?

Answer 46

Informing participants of all factors affecting their decision to participate ## Footnote Informed consent is a comprehensive process that goes beyond just signing a form.

Question 47

True or False: Researchers can expose participants to pain, fear, or embarrassment to satisfy curiosity.

Answer 47

False ## Footnote Ethical research must avoid unjustified risks, ensuring participant welfare is prioritized.

Question 48

What practice is essential for maintaining scholarly integrity in research?

Answer 48

* No data fabrication * No plagiarism * No duplicate publication * Fair authorship credit ## Footnote Upholding scholarly integrity is crucial for the credibility of research findings.