PSYC348 MIDTERM

Question 1

What is a family according to the American Psychological Association (APA)?

Answer 1

A kinship unit consisting of a group of individuals united by blood or by marital, adoptive, or other intimate ties.

The family is the fundamental social unit of most human societies, and its form and structure vary widely.

Question 2

What is a whānau?

Answer 2

An extended family or family group, a familiar term of address to a number of people, and the primary economic unit of traditional Māori society.

In modern context, it may include friends who have no kinship ties.

Question 3

What is family psychology?

Answer 3

A specialty in professional psychology focused on the emotions, thoughts, and behavior of individuals, couples, and families in relationships and their broader environment.

It is based on systems theory, emphasizing family dynamics and their impact on psychological functioning.

Question 4

What are the key components considered in family psychology practice?

Answer 4

Family history and current environment, including:
* family history
* ethnic culture
* community
* school
* health care system
* other relevant sources of support or difficulty.

Question 5

What are some historical family trends mentioned?

Answer 5

Changes in family structure and economic changes, including child and families living in poverty.

Suggested reading includes ‘Child Poverty and Mental Health’.

Question 6

Why is it important to understand normative challenges in parenting?

Answer 6

It provides perspective, fosters empathy, and informs parents and professionals supporting parents.

Question 7

What percentage of women experience morning sickness during pregnancy?

Answer 7

About 70% of women experience morning sickness, typically occurring between the 4th and 16th weeks of pregnancy.

Question 8

What are some restrictions on food and substances during pregnancy?

Answer 8

Zero tolerance for:
* Alcohol
* Cigarettes
* Recreational drugs
* Deli meats
* Raw or smoked seafood
* Foods with raw eggs
* Soft cheeses unless thoroughly cooked.

Less strict restrictions include caffeine, sugary foods, oily fish (no more than 2 portions/week), and various medications deemed pregnancy safe.

Question 9

What is the average duration of labor for first-time mothers?

Answer 9

12–24 hours.

Question 10

What is postpartum depression and its prevalence?

Answer 10

Affects up to 1 in 7 women.

Question 11

What is the optimal form of nutrition for babies according to breastfeeding guidelines?

Answer 11

Breastfeeding passes along mother’s antibodies and is associated with less likelihood of serious illness, allergies, and SIDS.

Question 12

What are some challenges new parents face?

Answer 12

Decline in marital satisfaction, changes in emotional and sexual satisfaction, feelings of losing freedom, and financial constraints.

Question 13

What is the impact of early development on youth mental health?

Answer 13

Household dysfunction indicators (HDIs) can lead to negative outcomes such as mental disorder diagnosis and disconnection from work and school.

Question 14

What are internalising disorders?

Answer 14

Inward-directed emotional distress, including excessive fear, worry, sadness, or social withdrawal, and more common among girls.

Question 15

What are examples of internalising disorders?

Answer 15

• Anxiety disorders
• Major depressive disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 16

What are externalising disorders?

Answer 16

Outward-directed behaviours, including aggressive, disruptive, impulsive, or noncompliant actions that affect others, and more common among boys.

Question 17

What are examples of externalising disorders?

Answer 17

• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
• Conduct Disorder (CD)
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).

Question 18

What do neurodevelopmental disorders impair?

Answer 18

Cognitive, social, and behavioural development.

Question 19

What are common neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 19

• Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
• Specific Learning Disorders (SLD).

Question 20

What is the societal cost of poor mental health in Aotearoa NZ?

Answer 20

Estimated to cost $12 billion annually or 5% of the GDP.

Question 21

What is mental health?

Answer 21

A state of mind characterized by emotional well-being, good behavioral adjustment, relative freedom from anxiety and disabling symptoms, and a capacity to establish constructive relationships.

Question 22

What is the importance of screening tools in mental health?

Answer 22

They help identify population trends, those in need of assessment or services, and inform diagnostic assessments.

Question 23

What is the significance of Richard Lerner’s perspective on youth mental health?

Answer 23

Preventing problems doesn’t equip youth with skills for productive, meaningful lives, emphasizing a strengths-based approach.

Question 24

What is the trend in youth mental health globally?

Answer 24

About one in seven 10–19-year-olds experiences a mental disorder, with rates worsening, especially post-COVID.

Question 25

What is the increase in mental health cases for adolescents in Christchurch Hospital from 2007–2022?

Answer 25

Mental health cases increased by 289%.

Question 26

What is the main goal of providing children and adolescents with knowledge and skills?

Answer 26

To contribute productively to self, family, and community ## Footnote Because problem-free is not fully prepared; knowledge and skills are essential for competing in the global marketplace.

Question 27

What is a strengths-based approach in youth development?

Answer 27

Emphasis on strength and potential for change, focusing on thriving (positive behaviours) ## Footnote Contrasts with deficit-based approach which emphasizes risk factors and negative behaviours.

Question 28

What are the 'FIVE C’S' of Positive Youth Development (PYD)?

Answer 28

* Competence * Confidence * Connection * Character * Caring ## Footnote These components are essential for positive youth development.

Question 29

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 29

Voluntary behaviour intended to help another, including helping, sharing, and comforting ## Footnote Not all prosocial behaviour is altruistic.

Question 30

Why is prosocial development important?

Answer 30

Links to trustworthiness, peer acceptance, and academic performance ## Footnote Studies show that engaging in prosocial acts improves peer acceptance.

Question 31

What are some predictors of prosocial behaviour?

Answer 31

* Individual Factors * Contextual Factors * Socialisation Factors ## Footnote Individual factors include sympathy, gender, age, theory of mind, and social fearfulness.

Question 32

What is attachment according to John Bowlby?

Answer 32

An enduring emotional bond that is important throughout life ## Footnote Children are biologically predisposed to develop connections to caregivers.

Question 33

What is an Internal Working Model in attachment theory?

Answer 33

A mental representation of the self, others, and relationships constructed through experiences with caregivers ## Footnote Guides expectations, emotional, behavioural, and relational strategies.

Question 34

What are the four main attachment styles identified by Mary Ainsworth?

Answer 34

* Secure * Insecure resistant (ambivalent) * Insecure avoidant * Disorganized ## Footnote Each style is determined by the use of caregiver as a secure base and reactions to separation and reunion.

Question 35

What is the significance of parental sensitivity in attachment?

Answer 35

Maternal sensitivity correlates with attachment security (r = .26); paternal sensitivity also has a positive correlation ## Footnote Stronger correlations observed with older fathers and children.

Question 36

What is the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)?

Answer 36

A semi-structured interview assessing background on family composition and childhood relationships with caregivers ## Footnote Coding is based on the evaluation of experiences and their effects on current functioning.

Question 37

What are the classifications from the Adult Attachment Interview?

Answer 37

* Autonomous * Dismissing * Preoccupied * Unresolved ## Footnote Each classification corresponds to attachment styles observed in children.

Question 38

What is the relationship between attachment security and emotion regulation?

Answer 38

Ability to regulate emotions is correlated with attachment security ## Footnote Secure attachment correlates positively with emotion regulation.

Question 39

What is parental discipline according to Locke & Prinz (2004)?

Answer 39

Strategies used to discourage inappropriate behaviour and gain compliance ## Footnote Effective discipline teaches children self-regulation and enhances cognitive and socioemotional skills.

Question 40

What are the two types of parental discipline?

Answer 40

* Corrective Discipline * Preventative Discipline ## Footnote Corrective discipline responds to misbehaviour; preventative discipline anticipates and avoids misbehaviour.

Question 41

What is harsh discipline?

Answer 41

Physical or psychological actions intended to cause pain to correct behaviour ## Footnote Includes corporal punishment methods like spanking.

Question 42

What are the effects of spanking on children?

Answer 42

Associated with immediate compliance but also with poorer mental health outcomes ## Footnote Spanking decreased significantly from 2002 to 2017 following legal changes.

Question 43

What is inductive discipline?

Answer 43

Getting children to recognize how their actions caused another’s distress ## Footnote Fosters a sense of responsibility in children.

Question 44

What are the three main categories of disciplinary techniques according to Martin Hoffman?

Answer 44

* Power Assertion * Love Withdrawal * Inductive Discipline ## Footnote Each technique has different associations with child behaviour outcomes.

Question 45

What is the overall correlation between reasoning and antisocial behaviour?

Answer 45

r = -.17 ## Footnote This indicates a negative relationship, suggesting that higher reasoning may be associated with lower antisocial behaviour.

Question 46

What is the correlation between pure reasoning and antisocial behaviour?

Answer 46

r = -.33 ## Footnote A stronger negative correlation compared to overall reasoning.

Question 47

What is the correlation between overall reasoning and prosocial behaviour?

Answer 47

r = .12 ## Footnote This indicates a weak positive relationship.

Question 48

Why does inductive discipline not always work?

Answer 48

A blend of techniques may be necessary ## Footnote Factors such as children's interpretation of messages, compliance to reasonable messages, and timing are important.

Question 49

What factors moderate the efficacy of discipline according to Joan Grusec?

Answer 49

* Accurate interpretation of parental messages * Compliance with reasonable, non-threatening messages * Timing ## Footnote The relationship, rapport, and attachment between parent and child also matter.

Question 50

What might matter in the content of reasoning?

Answer 50

Impacts can vary based on focus ## Footnote Reasoning based on fairness, rules, expectations, or punishments can have different effects on children.

Question 51

What is cocooning in the context of preventative discipline?

Answer 51

Attempt to shelter a child from negative influences ## Footnote This includes forbidding exposure to violent media or dating.

Question 52

What characteristics do parents who use cocooning tend to have?

Answer 52

* Less educated * Highly involved in parenting * Highly value compliance ## Footnote Cocooning is the most controlling approach.

Question 53

What is pre-arming in preventative discipline?

Answer 53

Providing guidance on responding to harmful situations ## Footnote Examples include coaching on handling drug offers.

Question 54

What characteristics do parents who use pre-arming tend to have?

Answer 54

* More involved * More knowledgeable ## Footnote Children of these parents tend to show higher sympathy and self-regulation.

Question 55

What is deference in the context of discipline?

Answer 55

Active decision to not respond to misbehaviour to display trust ## Footnote It resembles permissive parenting but involves remaining involved.

Question 56

What characteristics do parents who use deference tend to have?

Answer 56

* Less involved * Less knowledgeable * Grant more autonomy ## Footnote Children whose parents use it tend to be older.

Question 57

How do cocooning, pre-arming, and deference work together?

Answer 57

Combinations are common ## Footnote Examples include cocooning and pre-arming or pre-arming and deference.

Question 58

What did studies find about pre-arming and moral outcomes in early adolescence?

Answer 58

Pre-arming is strongly associated with moral outcomes ## Footnote Reference: Padilla-Walker et al., 2011.

Question 59

What did studies find about deference in middle to late adolescence?

Answer 59

Deference appears most effective ## Footnote Reference: Padilla-Walker et al., 2012.