What are the classic symptoms of autism?
Triad:
- communication impairment
- impairment of social relationships
- ritualistic behaviour
Give 5 examples of positive symptoms
- hallucinations
- delusions
- passivity phenomena
- disturbance in mood
- thought alienation
Give 6
examples of negative symptoms
- blunting of affect
- amotivation
- poverty of speech
- poverty of thought
- poor non-verbal communication
- self- neglect
What are the first rank symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Thought alienation
- Passivity phenomena
- 3rd person auditory hallucinations
- Delusional perception
What is thought alienation? Give examples
Symptom of psychosis
- patients feel thoughts aren’t their own
e. g. thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcast
What is passivity phenomena?
Feel like their actions are controlled by someone else
What are 3rd person auditory hallucinations?
Hearing voices that appear to be talking about you.
What is delusional perception?
Believing that a normal percept (product of perception) has special meaning for you
Give 5 examples of secondary symptoms of schizophrenia
- delusions
- 2nd person auditory hallucinations
- hallucinations in any other modality
- thought disorder
- catatonic behaviour
What are the 3 core symptoms of depression?
- low mood
- low energy (anergia)
- loss of pleasure (anhedonia)
Give 5 biological symptoms of depression
- early morning wakening
- change in appetite
- loss of libido
- diurnal mood variation
- agitation
Give 5 cognitive symptoms of depression
- loss of confidence
- concentration
- guilt
- hopelessness
- suicidal ideation
Give an example of 3 atypical antipsychotics and their mechanism
Olanzapine
Risperidone
Aripiprazole
- dopamine antagonist AND act on seretonin receptors
What are 4 side effects of typical antipsychotics?
- extrapyramidal symptoms
- prolonged QT interval
- galactorrhea
- impaired glucose tolerance (weight gain)
Give 4 examples of extrapyramidal symptoms
- dystonia
- akathisia
- tardive dyskinesia
- parkinsons like symptoms
What are the dangerous side effects of clozapine?
agranulocytosis
neutropenia
What are 3 features of Korsakoff’s syndrome?
- anterograde amnesia
- retrograde amnesia
- confabulation
What are 3 features of Wernicke’s encephalopathy?
- ataxia
- ophthalmoplegia
- confusion
What is the mechanism underlying Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Thiamine deficiency causing damage to mammillary bodies of hypothalamus (often from untreated wernicke’s encephalopathy)
What electrolyte imbalance is most commonly associated with bulimia nervosa?
- metabolic alkalosis
- hypOkalaemia
- hypOchloraemia
What is the most appropriate management of OCD?
Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)
then consider SSRIs
When is the peak incidence of delirium tremens and give 4 key symptoms
48-72 hours
- coarse tremor
- fever
- auditory/visual hallucinations
- tachycardia
How do you manage alcohol withdrawal? (pharmacology)
- long acting benzodiazepines (lorazepam)
2. carbamazepine
What are 3 common features of PTSD?
- re-experiencing (flashbacks/nightmares)
- avoidance
- hyperarousal
