Psych Test

Question 1

The scientific method

Answer 1

1. Describe
2. Explain
3. Predict
4. Control or influence

Question 2

Assumptions

Answer 2

• events are lawful
• assuming that events follow
• events are explainable

Question 3

Empirical Evidence

Answer 3

objective observation, measurement, and experimentation

Question 4

Step in scientific method

Answer 4

1. perceive question
2. formulate specific question that can be tested (hypothesis, testable prediction)
3. design a study to collect relevant data/ test your hypothesis
4. analyze the data to arrive at conclusions statistics
5. report the finding

Question 5

Theory

Answer 5

• an explanation of how facts fit together a framework
• it is tentative
• proposition that is subject to modification or rejection

Question 6

Sample

Answer 6

a group of individuals representatives of a larger population

Question 7

Representativeness

Answer 7

degree to which a sample actually possesses the characteristics of the larger population it represents

Question 8

Random Selection

Answer 8

process in which subjects are selected randomly from a larger group such that every group member has an equal chance of being included in the study

Question 9

Observation

Answer 9

• naturalistic observation
• structured observation
• surveys
• case studies
• archival research

Question 10

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 10

• observe subjects in natural setting
• observation without intervention
  advantages: real world settings
  limitations: cannot control environment to ensure that behavior of interest occurs during observation, risk of observer bias

Question 11

Observer Bias

Answer 11

tendency of researchers to interpret on going evens to fit their hypothesis

Question 12

Participant Reactivity

Answer 12

tendency to study participants to somehow change their natural behavior because they know they are being observed

Question 13

Structured Observation

Answer 13

• observation with intervention
• researcher sets up situations that may cause the target behavior to occur
  advantages: more control than with naturalistic observation
  limitations: participants may not react in same ways in labs that they do in real life, risk of observer bias

Question 14

Surveys

Answer 14

• interviews and questionnaires
• self reports
  advantages: can get a lot of data quickly, and larger sample of people
  limitations: may not provide accurate responses and may not be truthful

Question 15

Case Studies

Answer 15

• collect information about one person or group
• may use various measures
  advantages: more in-depth, intensive investigation, doesn’t require a ton of people
  limitations: results not generalized

Question 16

Correlation Research

Answer 16

• examines relationships between variables
• correlation does not prove causation
• no manipulation of variables

Question 17

Positive Correlation

Answer 17

Values the change of variables in the same direction, both increase or decrease together

Question 18

Negative Correlation

Answer 18

values variable change in opposite direction, one increases while the other decreases

Question 19

Correlation Coefficient

Answer 19

• a statistic
• direction and strength of the relationship between two variables
• represented as R

Question 20

• +

Answer 20

positive correlation

Question 21

• -

Answer 21

negative correlation

Question 22

cross sectional research (assessment of developmental changes)

Answer 22

comparison of different aged groups at one point in time, COHORT: age group

Question 23

longitudinal research

Answer 23

comparison of same participants at different points in time
advantages: more direct test of development
limitation: can be hard to keep participants in study overtime, which can affect results

Question 24

Imperfect Memories

Answer 24

misinformation effect: a memory distortion phenomenon in which misleading post event information can cause a person to misremember

Question 25

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 25

renowned memory researcher

Question 26

3 processes of memory

Answer 26

encoding storage retrieval

Question 27

Encoding

Answer 27

transforming data so that it can be understood, visual imagery, self reference effect

Question 28

Storage

Answer 28

retaining data for a later time

Question 29

Retrieval

Answer 29

recovering stored data so er are consciously aware of it

Question 30

Information processing model

Answer 30

1. sensory memory 2. short-term memory 3. long-term memory

Question 31

sensory memory

Answer 31

environmental data is registered

Question 32

short term memory

Answer 32

active, temporarily holds data that you are currently thinking about or consciously aware of 15-30 secs, chucking

Question 33

long term memory

Answer 33

long term storage of data, elaborative rehearsal

Question 34

who studied sensory memory

Answer 34

George sperling

Question 35

visual sensory memory

Answer 35

1/4 - 1/2 of a second

Question 36

auditory sensory memory

Answer 36

3-4 seconds

Question 37

maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 37

repeat information to maintain it beyond 30 seconds

Question 38

chunking

Answer 38

group related items together increase capacity

Question 39

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 39

helps transfer information into ltm

Question 40

Explicit Memory

Answer 40

memory with awareness (declarative memory)

Question 41

implicit memory

Answer 41

memory with awareness (non-declarative memory)

Question 42

procedural memory

Answer 42

memory of hour to preform different skills operations, and actions

Question 43

episodic memory

Answer 43

memory of specific events or episodes in your life

Question 44

semantic memory

Answer 44

memory of general knowledge (facts)

Question 45

retrieval

Answer 45

accessing information in ltm

Question 46

retrieval cue

Answer 46

cue, prompt, or hint that helps trigger recall of stored memory

Question 47

retrieval cue failure

Answer 47

missing retrieval cues, unable to recall

Question 48

context effect

Answer 48

remember better when same setting for retrieval and first learning information

Question 49

mood congruence

Answer 49

mood tends to evoke memories consistent with that mood

Question 50

Serial Position Effect

Answer 50

more likely to remember first and lasts on a list