1
Q
What is unipolar depression?
A
A type of mood disorder causing a person to feel sad and lack motivation to do everyday activities
2
Q
What are mood disorders?
A
Affect how people feel
3
Q
What are the main symptoms of unipolar depression?
A
Low mood
Lack of energy
Lack of motivation
4
Q
How many symptoms and what are the features of the mild unipolar depression episode?
A
- Four symptoms are displayed
- A patient may find symptoms upsetting but carry on with day-to-day activities
5
Q
How many symptoms and what are the features of the moderate unipolar depression episode?
A
- Five or six symptoms are displayed
- Patient have serious problems with going to school or work (day-to-day activities)
6
Q
What is the incidence of depression overtime?
A
People in the 1980s were 10 times more likely to be diagnosed with depression than they were in the 1940s. The King’s Trust Fund states that mental health in England by 2026, 1.45 million people will be diagnosed with the depression. High levels of social media usage is a higher risk of depression and young American participants.
7
Q
How does depression affect individuals?
A
- Risk of suicide
- 10–15% of patients with severe depression will commit suicide
8
Q
How many symptoms and what are the features of the severe unipolar depression episode?
A
- Seven or more symptoms
- A patient may have suicidal thoughts or engage in self-harm to cope with feelings
9
Q
How does depression affect society?
A
- amount of time missed from work by patients
- cost of treatment
10
Q
What are monozygotic twins?
A
They share 100% of the same genes
11
Q
What are dizygotic twins?
A
They share 50% of the same genes
12
Q
What is a genetic predisposition?
A
A biological tendency to develop a particular behaviour as a result of the genes someone has
13
Q
What are some points of the genetic explanation of depression?
A
If a monozygotic twin gets depression the other twin is definitely will get depression as they share the same genes
If a dizygotic twin gets depression the other twin may get depression as they share 50% of the same genes
14
Q
What are strengths of the genetic explanation of depression?
A
- take away the stigma of being depressed (society will eventually become more accepting of it as its biological)
- some are more prone to depression than others
15
Q
What are weaknesses of the genetic explanation of depression?
A
- deterministic as it assumes that if you have certain genes you are likely to become depressed and you have no way to change that
- reductionist as it doesn’t consider other factors like nurture
16
Q
What is the cognitive theory?
A
An explanation that focuses on how thought processes influence behaviour
17
Q
What is Beck’s cognitive triad?
A
- created a negative triad which consisted of a negative view of the self, the world and the future
18
Q
What is Ellis’s ABC model?
A
- 3 stages that might cause a person to develop negative thought processes,
- 3 stages are activating event, beliefs, consequences
19
Q
What are strengths of the cognitive theory explanation of depression?
A
- takes into account the events in a person’s life and why they have become depressed
- applied to therapy (CBT)
20
Q
What are weaknesses of the cognitive theory explanation of depression?
A
- difficult to tell whether irrational thoughts are a cause of depression or a symptom of depression
21
Q
What the aim of CBT?
A
Help the patient change the way they think and help the patient change the way they act to improve symptoms
22
Q
What are the stages of CBT?
A
- discuss symptoms and explain how they feel and what makes them feel this way
- involves challenging irrational ways of thinking
23
Q
What will CBT give to help patients suffering with depression
A
Homework
24
Q
What are strengths of using CBT to treat depression?
A
- evidence suggests its effective / depressed patients treated with CBT improved more than people with no treatment at all
- longer lasting treatment / gains skills to help argue irrational thoughts
25
What are weaknesses of using CBT to treat depression?
- if wanting to change behaviour, will only happen if their motivated
- ethical issues - some may believe therapist is trying to make their irrational thoughts wrong
26
What are neurotransmitters?
Chemicals found in the nervous system that passes messages from one neuron to another across a synapse
27
What are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
Serotonin is available for longer and increase serotonin in the brain
28
What stands for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors?
SSRI’s
29
What are strengths of drug therapy as a treatment of depression?
- improve a patients symptoms
- positive effect on the symptoms of patients
30
What are weaknesses of drug therapy as a treatment of depression?
- unpleasant side effects
- more likely to relapse
31
What is addiction?
A mental health problem that means people need a particular thing to be able to go about their normal routine
32
What is withdrawal?
A set of unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms someone gets when they are trying to quit or cannot satisfy their addiction
33
What are symptoms of dependence disorder?
- Ignoring evidence that the use of the substance is harmful to them
- Stopping or reducing the use of substance is very difficult
- Shaking, sweating or vomiting when substance is not used for a period of time
34
What are symptoms of a behavioural addiction?
- Reducing the act activities is very difficult
- They need to do the activity regularly
- They ignore arguments that the activity is unhealthy or damaging
35
What are features of addiction?
- people may not realise they have an addiction
36
How have incidence of addiction change over time?
Addiction can now include Internet addiction and video games
Number of addictions in societies rising
37
How does addiction affect individuals and society?
- May ignore their family and the things they regularly did such as school or work
- Spend money on their addiction / health is at risk
- Take time away from work which results in cost for the company covering the workload of the individual
38
What are some points for the genetic explanation of addiction?
- Monozygotic twins, if one of them was a smoker, there was a high chance of the other one smoking
- DDR2 shown to be related to developing addiction
39
What are the strengths of the genetic explanation?
- twin studies and adoption studies act as a control for possible factors that could explain addiction
-Explains why only some people are prone to becoming addicts (some people seem naturally more likely to develop addictions)
40
What are the weaknesses of the genetic explanation?
- reductionist because it fails to take the nature factors into account
- research has not been able to find a single gene that explains where addiction comes from. (DDR2 relates to autism and addiction)
41
What is the learning theory?
Explanation that believes behaviour is learnt through associations and experiences
42
What is classical conditioning?
Learning by associations
43
Explain classical conditioning
- When two or more things happen at once, our brain links them together and they become automatically connected
44
What is operant conditioning?
Learning from the consequences of actions
45
Explain operant conditioning
- Behaviours are repeated when they lead to positive consequences
- Any behaviour that is rewarded in someway makes us feel that is the right thing to do and increases the chance we will do it again
46
What is social learning theory?
Behaviour is learnt through observation and invitation of role models
47
Explain social learning theory
If someone looks up close to a family member or a friend who has an addiction of some sort, they may go on copy this themselves
48
What are strengths of learning theory as an explanation of addiction?
- Assuming addictions are the result of learning – they are behaviours we can unlearn
- classical conditioning helps to explain why previous addicts sometimes relapse even years after stopping
49
What are strengths of learning theory as an explanation of addiction?
Assuming addictions are the result of learning – they are behaviours we can unlearn
Classical conditioning helps to explain my previous addict sometimes relapse even years after they have stopped
50
What are weaknesses of the learning theory as an explanation of addiction?
- Ignores the role of biological factors that could influence addiction
- Do not explain why lots of people try drugs, alcohol and gambling but only a small number of people become addicted
51
When and how was cognitive behavioural therapy developed?
- The 1950s and 60s
- Ellis and Beck
52
What is functional analysis regarding cognitive behavioural therapy?
First stage of CBT to treat the addiction that identifies triggers
53
What is skills training regarding cognitive behavioural therapy?
Second stage of CBT to treat addiction whereby addict learn ways to control the patterns of behaviour that lead lead to their addiction
54
What are strengths of using cognitive behavioural therapy to treat addiction?
- Aim to give the patient control to stop their own addictive behaviour - build up skills to help stop their addiction
- supported by research evidence (young study found that CBT was effective for treating people with Internet addiction both short-term and long-term
55
What are weaknesses of using cognitive behavioural therapy to treat addiction?
- The addict has to be motivated to change their behaviour - find committing to the treatment for the addiction difficult
56
What is detoxification?
Where an addict tries to stop taking the substance they are addicted to?
57
How can drug therapy as a treatment for addiction be helpful for withdrawal?
Drugs can be given to patients to reduce the symptoms of withdrawal and reduce the chance of the patient relapsing and using the substance again
58
How can drug therapy as a treatment for addiction be helpful for reducing cravings?
Smokers can use different forms of nicotine replacement therapy such as chewing gum and patches. It helps to prevent the person from starting to smoke again.
59
How can drug therapy as a treatment for addiction be helpful for treating underlying health conditions?
Drugs can be offered to those with substance addictions
60
How can drug therapy as a treatment for addiction be helpful for behavioural addictions?
Drug therapies have been used to increase the amount of serotonin available in the brain – seems to help patients control urge to participate in the behaviour they are addicted to
61
What are strengths of drug therapy as a treatment for addiction?
- Research evidence supporting the effectiveness of drug therapies to treat addictions
- May help the patient to access other types of therapy that could help them control their addiction in their long-term
62
What are weaknesses of using drug therapy as a treatment for addiction?
- Some argue that giving medication to patients who are already addicted to something could make the problems worse in the long-term as they may become dependent on the medication
63
What was the aim of Caspi’s et al study?
- see why stressful experiences lead to depression in some people but not others
- role of a gene involved with serotonin to see if it contributed with depression
64
What was the participants of Caspi’s et al study?
- 847 Caucasian people
65
What was group 1 in Caspi’s et al study?
Contained 147 people
They had two copies of the short allele of 5-HTT gene
66
What was group 2 in Caspi’s et al study?
Contained 435 people
Contained one copy of the short allele, one copy of the long allele of the 5-HTT genotype
67
What was group 3 in Caspi’s et al study?
Contained 265 people
Had two copies of the long allele of the 5-HTT genotype
68
What was the procedure of Caspi’s et al study?
Stressful life events were recorded (included employment, financial)
Questionnaire
69
What was the key findings of Caspi’s et al study?
- people that carried a short allele whose life events had a stronger interaction between life events and self reported depression at 26 years old.
- stressful life events predicted major depression among carriers of an short allele of 5-HTT gene
70
What was the conclusions of Caspi’s et al study?
- There is a relationship between the 5-HTT gene and life events to predict depressive or increase in symptoms
- People carrying a long copy of the 5-HTT gene were less likely to develop depression
71
What were strengths of Caspi’s et al study?
- doctors could use it to find different causes for depressive symptoms
- generalisable (large sample)
72
What were weaknesses of Caspi’s et al study?
- people may put themselves in situations where stressful life events are more likely to happen
- questionnaire may not be valid
73
What was the aim of Young’s study?
- see how effective CBT is when suffering from internet addiction
74
What about the participants of Young’s study?
- 114 participants from USA
- took a Internet Addiction Test
75
What was the procedure of Young’s study?
- had sessions of CBT
- outcome questionnaire given at the 3rd, 8th and 12th online sessions and then 6 months
- questionnaire = likert scale
76
What was the key findings of Young’s study?
- most common problematic online applications reported by the clients were: pornography, gambling, online chat
- clients showed continuous improvement by session 3 and effective symptom management by sessions 8 and 12
77
What was the conclusions of Young’s study?
CBT helped to decrease internet addiction
78
What was strengths of Young’s study?
- CBT helps in treating internet addiction
- reliable as it was a standardised procedure through the questionnaire
79
What was weaknesses of Young’s study?
- clients filled in questionnaires about their own feelings and behaviour which may not be accurate
- different types of internet addiction were identified and it’s not clear if all types achieved the same effects from treatment
80
What is nature?
Biological factors that influence a person’s behaviour
81
What is nurture?
Environmental factors that influence a person’s behaviour
