Elizabeth Loftus
- Expert on human memory
- researched the malleability of human memory
Jean Piaget
- known for his work in child development
PIAGET’S THEORY OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
- ) sensorimotor stage (0-2 years)
- ) preoperational stage (2-7 years)
- ) concrete operational stage (7-11 years)
- ) formal operations stage (11+)
Howard Gardener
Multiple Intelligences:
- ) visual-spatial=good at visualizing things (an architect)
- ) linguistic-verbal=able to use words well especially when writing and speaking (a teacher)
- ) logical-mathematical=good at reasoning, recognizing patterns, and logically analyzing patterns (a mathematician)
- ) bodily-kinesthetic=good at body movement (a dancer)
- ) musical=thinking in patterns, rhythms, and sounds (a composer)
- ) interpersonal= good at understanding and interacting with other people (a psychologist)
- ) intrapersonal=good at being aware of their own emotional states, feelings, and motivations (a scientist)
- ) naturalistic=more in tune with nature, nurturing, explore the environment and learn other species (a gardener or a biologist)
B.F. Skinner
Theory of Operant Conditioning- the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be the reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior WILL occur again
Ivan Pavlov
Theory of Classical Conditioning- the learning procedure in which a biologically potent stimulus is paired with a previously neutral stimulus
- Pavlov’s dogs experiment
Albert Bandura
- works centered around social learning theory- stressing observational learning, imitation, and modeling
- Bobo doll study: kids imitating the adults’ actions by being violent towards the doll because they saw the adults do it in a video shown before
Alfred Binet
Invented the first practical IQ test, the Binet-Simon test
Lawrence Kohlberg
Theory of stages of moral development:
- ) preconventional
- ) conventional
- ) posyconventional
Abraham Maslow
- created Maslow hierarchy of needs
Each one must be fulfilled to go to the next one to finally reach self-actualization
(Bottom to top) physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Albert Ellis
- developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Philip Zimbardo
-Stanford prison experiment
(some people were prison guards and some were inmates)
Henry Harlow
- maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on monkeys which manifested the importance of caregiving and companionship to social and cognitive development
Stanley Milgram
The Milgram Experiment:
- controversial experiment on obedience influenced by the events of the Holocaust
- when given orders by a “higher power” or expert will people stop giving shocks?
