Explain architecture and processes in memory
Architecture - structure of the memory system
Processes - activities that go through within memory
Explain the 3 Stages of Multistore Model of Memory (MSM)
Sensory -> STM -> LTM
Criticisms of MSM
- Over-emphasized the structure of memory
- STM is not the gateway to LTM
- STM and LTM are not unitary (each store does not operate independently)
Patient KF was found to have an inability to repeat vocal material with the digit/word/letter span of 1. What is the surprising finding about him regarding S and LTM?
Patient KF had normal paired associated learning in a 24 hour period
Impairment to STM doesn’t necessarily lead to impairment to LTM
Components in Working Memory Model
- Central Executive
- Phonological Loop
- Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
- Episodic Buffer
Components in Phonological Loop System
- Auditory word presentation
- Passive phonological store
- Visual word presentation
- Articulatory control process
Explain the phonological loop system
- Auditory word presentation - words presented in auditory format; direct access to PPS
- Passive phonological store - Temporarily holds verbal information (1.5-2s of capacity)
- Visual word presentation - indirect access to PPS through ACP
- Articulatory control process - Maintains (Refreshes) phonological information by rehearsal
Phonological Similarity Effect - Conrad (1964) Findings
Tested immediate serial recall of ____ presented letters
Recall errors mainly ___ confusions resembling letter names heard against ____
Visually
Acoustic
Noisy backgrounds
Conrad (1964) Conclusion
STM uses phonological code, even with visually presented stimuli
Phonological Similarity Effect - Baddeley (1966) Findings
Immediate serial recall is ___ with a phonologically ____ list, even when words are presented ____
Worse
Similar
Visually
Articulatory Suppression
1. What does it prevent?
2. What’s the function of (1)
Subvocal articulatory rehearsal
Refreshes memory
Effect of articulatory suppression
Removes the phonological similarity effect - no difference in % recall between phonologically similar and dissimilar words when there’s articulatory suppression
Word Length Effect
Articulatory Duration (NOT complexity)
Which part of the phonological loop system is affected by the word length effect? How
Passive phonological store, because it can only store up to 2 seconds of verbal information, hence it will be harder to remember words that take longer to read
Cross-language difference is due to the variation in ____ _____ of digit names and rate of ____ ____
Articulatory duration; subvocal rehearsal
What does digit span across language predict?
There should be an elimination of word length effect under suppression
Surprising findings about digit span across language
Chinese language still has higher then average digit span
What is the phonological loop used for?
Temporary storage and manipulation of phonological information
Involved in learning new word forms
Patient PV has severely limited digit span, what was she unable to do?
Learn new Russian words (paired with Italian translations)
What are the 2 components proposed by Logie regarding Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad?
- Visual Cache - visual form and colour
- Inner scribe
(i) Process spatial and movement info
(ii) Involved in rehearsal of info
(iii) Transfers info from cache to central executive
Key function of episodic buffer
Binding info from phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad
Contention scheduling
Schema
Practice strengthens schema
Coordinates several action schemas based on the strength of schema
SAS
Conscious control
Flexibly controls selection of action schemas according to goal of task
Involved in unfamiliar situations where routine control is insufficient
Impairment of SAS
Utlization behaviour - automatically uses objects in front of them (even when it’s inappropriate)
Dysexecutive syndrome (relating to cognition)
Difficulty with novel situations
