1
Q
Conspiracy
A
A secret organization carried out by a group of plotters who are working towards some end.
Typically this “end” is something immoral, which is why it is secretive.
2
Q
Examples of conspiracies
A
1) Powerful people might want to remove their opponents to safeguard their power
2) Scientists carrying out experiments on unsuspecting citizens
3) An orchestrated assassination as reason to go to war.
2
Q
Cult
A
A system or a group of people who practice excessive devotion to a figure, object of belief system.
Key concepts:
1) A leader who preaches an explicit belief system of ideology and is followed by unquestioning believers
2) Followers persuaded to perform questionable and illegal acts deemed necessary by the leader
3
Q
Polarisation
A
When society involved opposed and separate groups within it, each having clear identities and people become more partisan in their thinking
4
Q
Partisan
A
A strong supporter of a party, clause, or person
5
Q
Personhood
A
A “human” with emotions and their own thoughts. People with a soul and a body.
In this case, having a gender, religion, or citizenship would not matter.
6
Q
Euthanasia
A
Having help provided to end you life - technically assisted killing by doctors
7
Q
Types of Euthanasia
A
Passive and Active
8
Q
Passive Euthanasia
A
Withdrawing necessary life support systems to allow an individual to die naturally.
Legal in UK (only with consent by individual, doctors and family).
9
Q
Active Euthanasia
A
Providing substances that will terminate someone’s life immediately.
Illegal in UK (both voluntary and involuntary).
10
Q
Pro-choice
(Abortion)
A
Allowing abortion
11
Q
Pro-life
(Abortion)
A
Not allowing abortion
12
Q
Quality of life
(Abortion)
A
Allows abortion only if individua has extreme disability / depending on background (e.g. extremely poor family) / etc.
13
Q
Culture
(Definition)
A
Shared norms, values, ideas, patterns of learned behaviour
14
Q
Examples of Culture
A
Religion
Gender
Genes / DNA / Family
Dialects / Languages
Nationality / Heritage
Place of Birth / where you live now
Traditions / Rituals
15
Q
Consciousness
A
The state of being aware, as a sentient being. Refers to the ways in which we interact with ourselves and the world around us.
16
Q
Types of Consciousness
A
Dualism and Materialism
17
Q
Dualism
(Consciousness)
A
The belief that we are made of two separate parts: a physical body and a spiritual soul
18
Q
Materialism
(Consciousness)
A
The view that nothing else exists apart from matter. All we have, as human beings, is a physical body; there is no soul or spirit
19
Q
The 11 Cognitive Biases/Needs
A
1) Intentionality Bias
2) Proportionality Bias
3) Casualty Bias
4) Need for Closure
5) Need for Control
6) Need for uniqueness
7) Confirmation Bias
8) In-group Bias
9) Dunning-Kruger Effect
10) Backfire effect
11) Anchoring
20
Q
The Explanation for the Intentionality Bias
A
We assume that things that happen are a result of peoples choices. We assume that when something bad happens, it’s because someone did something malicious.
21
Q
Benefits and Problems of the Intentionality Bias
A
B: It allows us to protect ourselves from potentially dangerous people
P: We fail to notice that people make honest mistakes and judge others too harshly
22
Q
The Explanation for the Proportionality Bias
A
We assume that when something big happens, something big caused it
23
Q
Benefits and Problems of the Proportionality Bias
A
B:
P: Small things could quickly lead to a giant explosion
24
The Explanation for the Casualty Bias
(School Defi): We like to think that there are explainable and easy to understand reasons for everything
(Dictionary Defi): Occurs when people believe that there is a causal relationship between events that are actually independent from each other.
25
Benefits and Problems of the Casualty Bias
B: It encourages us to see the world as understandable and in our control
P: People that had committed crime in the past might be included in a theory, when they actually have no relationship with them
26
The Explanation for the Need for Closure
We don't like waiting for a solution and prefer to have something solved right away
27
Benefits and Problems of the Need for Closure
B: Can be quick
P: Maybe too quick - we don't think enough / properly
28
The Explanation for the Need for Control
When bad things happen, we feel much better when we think that we can stop it from happening
29
Benefits and Problems of the Need for Control
B: It spurs us to act
P: When you cannot fix it, you'll get stressed, and maybe get obsessed with ideas that might not be true
30
The Explanation for the Need for Uniqueness
We like to think that we're special and not like everyone else
31
Benefits and Problems of the Need for Control
B: Boosts self-esteem, helps you feel superior to everyone else
P: Become very self-centred / main-character syndrome / stubborn
32
The Explanation for the Confirmation Bias
We tend to ignore information that challenges our preconceptions and latch onto information that proves that we're already right
33
Benefits and Problems of the Confirmation Bias
B:
P: We don't accept other people's beliefs, more chance that we will get it wrong
34
The Explanation for the In-Group Bias
When you favour the views of people like you and trust people like yourself more than people who are different
35
Benefits and Problems of the In-Group Bias
B: Avoids confrontation
P: As they would most likely be the same beliefs, you would not learn any new concepts / ideas / theories
36
The Explanation for the Dunning-Kruger Effect
When you only have little knowledge about something, you become confident in your abilities as an expert. As you learn more, you realise how limited your ability is so, ironically, underestimate your competence.
37
Benefits and Problems of the Dunning-Kruger Effect
B: Confidence
P: Self-centred / Big-ego
38
The Explanation of the Backfire effect
When people attack our beliefs, we sometimes take this as an attack on our person and double-down on our beliefs to defend ourselves
39
Benefits and Problems of the Backfire effect
B: It can protect individuals from being manipulated by misinformation or false claims
P: Makes it impossible to see any other ideas / concepts / theories
40
The Explanation for Anchoring
When you stick to the first information you receive
41
Benefits and Problems of Anchoring
B:
P: Could cause us to over-look important information that comes up important later on
42
Jo Marchant's Theory on the Power of Belief
Real life examples:
Someone who was sick was brainwashed into thinking that they got surgery (although this was a lie) and they actually got better!
Evidence shows there was also no difference to the health of the people with the same injury, one who received treatment, and one who didn't.
43
Julia Galef's 2 Mindsets
1) The Soldier Mindset: A natural tendency to use motivated reasoning to defend one's existing beliefs instead of being open to changing them. They are not able to change their minds, and their pre-existing beliefs seem to be part of their identity.
2) The Scout Mindset: Emphasizes curiosity, unbiased truth-seeking, and facing reality, even if that reality is unexpected. They are more able to change their mind, and are therefore more able to find the truth. Their beliefs are not part of their identity.
44
Plato and the Cave Concept
STORYLINE
(Plato)
* Prisoners chained up in a cave, forced to watch shadows, with no knowledge of the real world
* They cannot turn their heads, nor go out to really experience the world
* The fire behind them occasionally shows shadows of people walking
* Suddenly one prisoner is freed, and brought outside for the first time
* Didn't like sunlight (too bright), and was confused after being told that shadows were mere illusions, and the things around him were real
* After a while, he got used to reality, and could look at the sun
* He goes back in and tells the other prisoners about his new discoveries, but the others think he has lost his mind after going out and violently resist
45
Plato and the Cave Concept
REPRESENTATION
(Plato)
Prisoners = Ordinary People
Walkway (where the shadows were cast) = Leaders / the Rich / Media / People with Power
Fire = Source of falsehood
Escaped Prisoner = Philosopher
Shadows = Irrational / false beliefs
Outside World = Truth / Reality
46
The Chinese Room Experiment
(John Searle)
The Scenario:
Imagine a person who doesn't understand Chinese, but is given a manual with detailed instructions for manipulating Chinese symbols. This person is placed in a room, and Chinese symbols are passed into the room. The person follows the instructions in the manual to produce Chinese symbols that appear to be appropriate responses to the inputs.
The Argument:
Searle argues that the person in the room is merely following syntactic rules without understanding the semantic meaning of the Chinese. Similarly, a computer program, he claims, also manipulates symbols according to rules, but without understanding the meaning behind them.
The Conclusion:
Therefore, even if a computer program can convincingly mimic human language, it doesn't actually understand the language, as understanding requires more than just manipulating symbols. The program only simulates understanding, not true comprehension.
47
The Turing Test
(Alan Turing)
The Test:
In the Turing Test, a human judge interacts with a machine and a human via text messages, without knowing which one is which. The judge's goal is to identify the machine.
Passing the Test:
If the judge cannot reliably distinguish the machine from the human after a certain amount of time, the machine is said to have passed the test.
Purpose:
The test aims to determine if a machine can convincingly mimic human intelligence through natural language communication.
Imitation Game:
Turing originally called the test the "imitation game," where the goal is for the machine to convincingly imitate a human.
48
The Chinese Room Experiment VS The Turning Test
The Chinese Room Argument is often used to critique the Turing Test, which suggests that if a machine can pass a conversation test with a human, it can be considered intelligent. Searle's argument suggests that the Turing Test only tests for the ability to mimic human behaviour, not actual understanding or intelligence
49
The Violinist Theory
(Judith Jarvis Thomson)
The Scenario: You are kidnapped and connected to a very sick, unconscious violinist. Your circulatory system is vital to his survival. If you stay connected for nine months, the violinist recovers, but if you disconnect, he dies.
50
Similarities between the Violinist Theory and Abortion
The baby will keep needing things from the mother. It's mother will be restricted and may think of letting go of that responsibility, and therefore kill the baby.
This Analogy helps show us that, ultimately, women have rights to choose whether or not she continues her pregnancy. It is her baby, her rights, her choices.
51
Soul One and Soul Two
(Dawkin)
Soul One refers to a particular theory of life. It is about the Theory that there is something non-material about life, some non-physical principle... energized by some mysterious energy. Spiritualized by some mysterious spirit. Made conscious by some mysterious thing.
All definitions of Soul One = Non-productive
The tradiional view of a soul.
Soul Two is the "Intellectual or spiritual power" (Oxford Dictionary DEFINITION). High development of the mental facilities." Also, in somewhat weakened sense, deep feeling, sensitivity.
In the sense of Soul Two, science doesn't kill the soul, it gives the soul constant and exhilarating re-birth.
The personality, behavior and values of a person.
52
Mary's Room Thought Experiment
Mary is a brilliant scientist who has spent her entire life in a room that is entirely black and white. She has access to all the physical information about colour, including the wavelengths of light, the workings of the retina, and the neural pathways involved in colour perception.
After spending her life in the black and white room, Mary experiences colour for the first time. The question is: does she learn anything new about colour?
53
Responses to the Mary's Room Thought Experiment
The question is: does she learn anything new about colour?
* Mary gains a new ability, not new physical knowledge
* Mary is too different from us to allow us to stand in her shoes and imagine it from her perspective
* Mary would learn that red actually looks like the colour only after experiencing it - like how babies learn colours by repeatedly seeing them naturally
54
Asceticism
Removing material pleasure to avoid suffering
55
The 4 Common practices of Asceticism + Description
1) Celibacy: Refraining from marriage and any sexual relations
2) Renunciation: Giving up worldly goods / possessions
3) Fasting: Can include abstaining from all of certain kinds of food and drink, typically within a particular timeframe rather than indefinitely
4) Isolation: Often in combination with meditation or prayer
56
Existentialism
Finding your true self.
Emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will.
57
Freud and his view on Religion
He doesn't support it. He states it is nothing but a mere delusion - an illusion we human create to make us feel safer and more comfortable. Proof that he has is religion's strong contrast to science and known facts.
An example would be his view on Christianity. Christians call their God , Father. Freud believes it is because humans think the heavenly father will help them all the time - this will make people think he is in control of everything and can stop anything bad from happening.
58
Karl Marx and his view on Religion
"The OPIUM of the masses". Opium is an addicting yet comforting drug.
This Communist believed that the rich/elite use religion to satisfy the poor so that they would not rise up against them.
Marx thought that religion blinds us from the harsh reality of the world.
This is because Religion teaches them :
* To accept their life and expect reward in the afterlife
* To be "blessed" because they are poor
* Good things will come to those who are peaceful
* To Not take up arms (fight)
59
Dawkin and his view on Religion
* "The God Delusion"
* "Belief without reason"
* "Superstition"
* "Brain virus"
* "No thinking" / "Irrational"
* "Not modern-thinking" / "Old-fashioned"
* "Dangerous"
60
Jonathan Haidt Theory on Polarisation
Popularity contest through "likes" and "re-tweets". Making people hate yo 9or feel any other extreme emotion) can give you attention and popularity.
Concept of Cancel-culture.
61
Cancel Culture
Definition
When people (normally celebrities) get publicly shamed / hated because of something offensive they said or have done via social media.
Benefits to this could be that they could apologise for stuff that they have done wrong. This could be as bad as a crime, for example dissing a culture or gender, or just being included in a alleged dating rumour.
62
" If it's clearly wrong to treat members of our own species differently based on intelligence, why would it be OK to treat members of other species differently on that same basis?"
What does this argument mean for using intelligence to classify intelligence?
The intelligence of a human with a disability could be less smart compared to other people, but the same level a more intelligent animal (e.g. elephants or dolphins). This shows that we cannot treat people differently depending on their IQ levels.
63
"Every species ought to be concerned about protecting itself, and since humans are currently at the top, well, that means we're the best, so we can pretty much we want to other beings?"
What are the limitations / problems with this argument?
If this argument is correct, it will also mean that slave owners were right intreating black and indigenous people like they were like a "lower species". It does not give them a right in abusing a "lower species".
64
Equal consideration of interest
Definition
Regard less of whether we define animals as persons we have a moral obligation to protect their interests, for example their interest in not to suffer pain has the same weight as ours.
65
What results from being described as a legal person?
An example in history would be in India. In 2014, the Indian Supreme Court ruled that all non-human animals have both constitutional and statutory rights in India. This shows that in India, all animals have rights and therefore are legal persons.
66
What is it claimed that apes possess that makes them worthy of personhood?
Singer has stated that he believes that personhood should not depend on species, that no matter who or what persons are, they have (or should have) rights and some equality.
67
Arguments against animal personhood
1) (Protestant) Christianity - they believe that God made humans rule over animals, and that their only purpose was for the humans to hunt, eat and use them for the human's good
2) Sikhism - Sick people need animal testing to survive - would you rather save a human's life or an animal's?
68
Utilitarianism
Definition
Actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of a majority; actions that maximise happiness and well-being
69
Alan Turing and his view on AI and Personhood
The first person to describe artificial intelligence, and argued that if a computer could convince you it was a person through conversation, then it could be considered artificially intelligent.
However, even Turing argued that this would not be good enough to show a computer was a person or had a mind.
The Turing Test should rather be seen as a game. The Imitation Game.
Remember: Imitation is not the same as replication.
70
Should AI be considered as a person?
Reply to "They're just programmed"
So are we.
You are programmed by your genes, your parents, your friends, the media, and your experiences!
71
Should AI be considered as a person?
Reply to "They've got no consciousness / soul"
You don't even know if your teacher is conscious.
How can you be sure that machines aren't?
If you believe in souls - fine, but how do we get them?
Does God put them in? When? What's to stop him putting it into robots / computers?"
72
Should AI be considered as a person?
Reply to "They're made of something different"
Why does it matter that fluids run through our veins or what material our brains are made of.
Remember that this kind of view has been taken in the past to claim that people of colour aren't human / persons.
73
The Henry Thought Experiment
Imagine you have a younger nephew called Henry, he is 5 and you have known and cared for him your whole life. He has friends, hobbies and dreams for the future.
One day he has a terrible accident and falls over in front of you. Instead of blood and bone you see wires and metal in his wounds.
Should you treat him as an object instead of a person?
74
AI and Culture in the West
In the developed world, AI is often seen as a threat.
This could be because it is projected to take over our jobs and income. The fear that it could make us worse off!
There is also the influence of religion and culture. Mary Shelly's "Frankenstein" explores the idea that science can be used to play God, and create a new life, but warns us that this does not end well - the creation turns into an unwanted and unloved monster.
Christian Philosophy gives us the idea that we are created "special" and apart from anything else in the universe. We are the only part of creation given a soul (symbolised by the breath of life given to Adam in Genesis). We are also made to "rule over" animals.
75
AI and Culture in the East
In Japan and other developing nations tech and robots helped to rebuild and grow economies. From post war poverty to one of the richest nations on Earth, Japan had a very positive opinion on AI.
Religion also has a very distinct influence in the East. "Animism" is the belief that material objects can obtain a spiritual importance. In fact, after 100 years, objects are said to own a type of soul and take on a form of life. Objects are often repaired with gold.
76
FOR points - Euthanasia
* Physical + mental pain that gets worse as they get older
* "Laying there ready for death"
* Their independence has been / will be taken away without the choice
* "Any person of sound mind should be able to choose when they end their life"
* Humanists suggest that is they want it, their human rights entitle them to be free and decide for themselves
77
AGAINST points - Euthanasia
* The people left behind are the ones that suffer + pay the price
* Goes against what all doctors stand for - they are here to save people not kill them
* Catholics teach hope, and say suicide is despair
* Judaism allow natural death but not Euthanasia
78
The argument made for dualism, and having an IMMATERIAL SOUL
Science cannot explain human CONSCIOUSNESS
79
Asceticism
Removing material pleasure to avoid suffering
80
Existentialism
Finding your true self
81
The Christian view of the Divine
Christians view the divine as the HOLY TRINITY. This is FATHER, the SON, who is JESUS and the HOLY SPIRIT. This means Christians are MONOTHEISTIC and believe in 1 God only, who is revealed to us in 3 different person/ways.
82
Define Ahimsa
The belief in total and absolute non-violence
83
Define Divine Command Theory
Right and wrong ae absolute given as the commands of God in the form of scripture which must be followed like rules (with interpretation)
84
Explain the role of Karma in Ahismsa
Good karma is attained when we protect life, bad karma results from violence which ten leads to a bad rebirth or more harm coming back to us
85
Explain the Trolley problem
A though experiment where we must choose between allowing a train to end 5 lives or switching the tracks to kill 1 person
86
Explain the difference between absolute and relative morality
Absolute: Always follow same rule no matter what
Relative: Do what is best in the situation
87
Explain the difference between natural unnatural asceticism
Natural: giving up pleasures and comforts
Unnatural: extreme control over the body such as sleeping on nails etc.
88
State 2 Religions that would follow ahimsa
Buddhism
Hinduism
89
Who was Peter Singer
The utilitarian philosopher who supported animal rights and the equal consideration of interests
90
State 2 religions that would follow divine command
Christianity
Judaism
Islam
91
State 2 Examples of ascetics
Jesus
Muhammed
The Buddha
Greta Thumberg
92
Explain genetic engineering and state 2 applications of it
Changing a person's DNA yo remove defects or improving the abilities of a person
93
Explain the life of a Hindu Sadu and why they adopt this
Total commitment to religion, no possessions, wealth or comforts, seek to help and guide others, focus on meditation and contemplating the divine while overcoming pain.
94
Explain with examples, why religion might be an irrational belief
Can be harmful and limit other ways of thinking about life
E.g. West Borough Baptist Church
95
Explain the challenge social media can create for democracy
Spread misinformation and promotes conflict and emotion over reason and real communication
96
Explain the difference cosmetic and medical testing on animals
Cosmetic: Testing for soap and make up etc.
Medical: Testing for medicine and life-saving treatments
97
Explain 2 different merits of the ascetic life
Helps remove addictions. Develops the virtues of self-discipline and moderation. Helps us feel closer to God
98
Explain 2 different views on the divine
Atheist: Rejects
Buddhist: Enlightenment
Hindi: Moksha, Brahman, etc.
Christian: Holy Trinity
Islam: 99 names
Year 9
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
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Biology182
-
Chemistry - Ionic Formulae + Others75
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Geography80
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PTE99
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History80
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English59
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Physics72
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Computing33
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Chemistry (Elements, Compounds and Atoms)56
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Chemistry (Separating Mixtures and Water Treatment)76
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Chemistry (Formulae and Chemical Equations)24
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Chemistry (Rates of Reaction)24
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Chemistry (Solutions and Gases)46
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Chemistry (Exam Questions)13
