To which part of Britain did many Scots migrate, and what evidence shows this?
England — by 1930, 22% of farmers in Essex were Scots.
Why were Scottish medical migrants particularly successful in England?
Scottish medical degrees were highly regarded, and Scots founded medical schools and hospitals in Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham and Sheffield.
Why were young Scots attracted to towns and cities?
Town jobs were better paid, offered more freedom, and had attractive amenities such as pubs, dance halls, cinemas, theatres, public baths and football grounds, which they heard about through newspapers and radio.
What educational development in the 1800s increased opportunities for Scots?
The expansion of Parish Schools made most of the population literate, improving job prospects.
What non-industrial job opportunities encouraged Scots to move to cities?
Work outside factories such as becoming a railway porter or ticket clerk, e.g. at Waverley Station in Edinburgh.
How did wages compare between rural and urban areas?
A farm labourer could earn up to 50% more in industrial work when moving to a town.
Which major Scottish iron and steel industries influenced migration?
The Carron Iron Works near Falkirk, one of the world’s largest iron producers, and huge steel works like the Parkhead Forge in Glasgow’s East End.
What transport developments supported industrial expansion in Scotland?
The railway and canal networks transported raw materials (especially cotton) from harbours to large mills in areas like the Clyde Valley and the River Tay.
How did the steam engine affect Scottish employment?
It increased demand for coal, leading to a large rise in the number of miners.
