What region does the RUL sit
Anterior
Where is the apex of the lung
4cm above the 1st rib, T1 posteriorly
Where is the base of the lung
Posteriorly T12 on inspiration
T9 on expiration
Respiration
Exchange of gases between lungs and air
Ventilation
Movement of air into and out of the lungs, eventually moves gases(inhalation/exhalation)
Hyperventilation
Increased rate and depth of breathing, greater than 20 a minute
Hyperpnea
Deep labored breathing
Kussmaul
Rapid, deep, labored breathing
Hypopnea
Abnormally shallow respirations
What does a caved in sternum suggest
restrictive disease
What is an indented sternum called
Pectus excavatum
Pectus carinatum
When the sternum is bulged out. aka pigeon chest, obstructive disease
What does clubbing indicate
Pulmonary or cardiac difficulties. EX: emphysema, lung cancer, or congenital heart disease
Pleural friction rub
Feels like a coarse grating vibration during inspiration, caused by inflammation of pleural surfaces.
When does vocal/tactile fremitis increase
When there is consolidation of lung tissue, like pneumonia or cystic fibrosis
When does vocal/tactile fremitis decrease
When lung tissue is replaced by fluid or air. Like pneumothorax or pleural effusion
What conditions cause the trachea to deviate towards the affected lung
- Atelectasis
- pneumonectomy
- pleural fibrosis
- agenesis of the lung
What conditions cause the trachea to deviate away from the affected lung
- thyroid enlargement
2. pleural effusion
When percussing and you hear a hyperresonant sound, what might that indicate
emphysema, pneumo, asthma….means there is excess air in the lungs
When percussing and you hear a dull sound, what might that indicate
Pneumonia, atelectasis, pleural effusion….more dense material
Vesicular breath sounds
Low, intensity and pitch, heard on sides and lower lobes in healthy lungs
Bronchovesicular sounds
Heard over main bronchi and upper lungs. Medium pitch, inspiration and expiration equal
Bronchial/tubular sounds
Highest pitch, usually only heard over the manubrium. Abnormal if heard over the normal lung fields
Crackles
Discontinuous, abnormal popping respirations heard normally during inspiration. Excess secretions in small airways
