1
Q
what is the anaerobic threshold?
A
- VO2 at which anaerobic (lactic) energy production begins to supplement aerobic energy production during graded exercise to fatigue.
or
when the aerobic system is no longer solely capable of providing ATP at the rate it is demanded.
2
Q
Anaerobic threshold is a useful measurement of what?
A
- training intensity prescription & monitoring training progress.
- prediction of endurance performance.
3
Q
how is anaerobic threshold measured?
A
AT is the increase in lactate in the blood and/or GAS EXCHANGE PARAMETERS during exercise
- Blood lactate
- ventilatory variables.
4
Q
what is lactate threshold (LT1 and LT2)?
A
LT1
- a sustained increase in blood lactate above resting levels.
- this is also where lactate builds in the system but it is able to be flushed. it is where there is a shift in which the data point fall above the line of best fit.
- there is a change in the breathing rate. (frequency and depth of breaths are both affected.)
- BLa concentration around 2.0 mM
LT2
- point of rapid increase of blood lactate indicating the upper limit of equilibrium between lactate production and clearance.
- there is more lactate being produced than the body is able to flush.
- we get a increase in CO2 and a increase in breath rate.
- BLa levels around 4.0+ mM
5
Q
what is ventilatory threshold?
A
- phase during incremental exercise when a certain ventilatory parameters exhibit breakaway.
- this is when there are 2 breaking points in which the first point that is broken is LT1 which is the shift of lactate above resting levels. the second breaking point is LT2 which is us producing more lactate than what the body can flush out, and therefore we get a increase in CO2 and breath rate.
6
Q
what measures would indicate something is in aerobic threshold?
a) LT1
b) VT1
c) LT2
d) VT2
e) a & b
f) c & d
A
e) a & b
7
Q
1) in zone 1 of training, is it aerobic or anaerobic metabolism? -) and what allows it to be that system? 2) what are the thresholds that are involved between zone 1 and 2?
A
- Aerobic
- the fuel source being used is fats and there is small intensity of work and small increase in breathing.
- the blood lactate would be close to 2.0 mM which is a result of the individual not having a hard work load. and therefore can sustain this light workload for a long period of time.
- Threshold 1.
MAF HR (maximal aerobic function)
aerobic threshold
LT1
Vt1
8
Q
1.) how would you determine if someone is in zone 2? -) and what is the system of metabolism?
2) what are the threshold involved between zone 2 and 3?
A
- zone 2 is mostly aerobic but anaerobic metabolism is gaining.
- CHO (carbs) is the main fuel source, and it is a slightly higher intensity of workload and breathing. there would also be a slight increase in the Blood lactate levels because of the higher intensity. 2-4 mM. this exercise is normally around 1-3 hours.
- threshold 2
- AT (anaerobic threshold)
- VT2
- LT2
- MLSS (maximal lactate steady state)
- FTP/S (function threshold power (watts) /or speed (miles or Km)
9
Q
1.) how do you determine if someone is in zone 3?
-) what metabolism is occurring?
A
- they are using CHO (carbs) almost exclusively and there is a heavy increase in the workload which means there is a high ventilation rate of breathing, and conversation becomes almost impossible. there is also a rapid increase in the Blood lactate levels to 4.0 mM +. the duration of this exercise is normally 30-60 minutes. HITT
- it is mostly anaerobic metabolism, and the aerobic system is almost at max.
10
Q
what 5 things causes lactate to increase?
A
- the shift from slow to fast glycolysis. this is because the aerobic system (slow) cannot supply ATP because the demand of the muscle is so high.
- onset of Fast twitch motor recruitment which is a increase in anaerobic capacity (glycolysis)
- increase in epinephrine release which stimulates glycogenolysis.
- blood shunting. this is the increase of blood flow tow working muscle and vasoconstriction to non-working tissues.
lactate increases in blood but is removed by other tissues. - low tissue O2 levels.
11
Q
what are 5 things that would cause a increase in VE?
A
- increase in H+ + HCO3- = increase in CO2.
- increase perception of energy demand by respiratory centre in the brain, which increases ventilation.
- increase afferent (sensory) neural activity from muscle and joint receptors. the more neural activity that is required the more ATP that is being used.
- increase in core tempeture.
- increase in plasma K+
- all of these increase the rate at which we breath because it is energy being used in some way which we may or may not have depending n what is being asked of us.
12
Q
what is glycogen depletion?
A
- this is where lactate threshold dissociates from ventilation threshold. There is no glycogen available and therefore phosphylase occurs.
- LT is delayed but VT is unchanged.
13
Q
what is McArdle’s syndrome?
A
- deficiency of phosphorylase, which will produce minimal lactate, but still the display of ventilation threshold.
14
Q
Anaerobic threshold responds to endurance training due to what?
A
- increase in oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle.
- increase in lactate removal/ oxidation
- decrease in fast glycolysis.
- decrease glycogen utilization & increase in fat oxidization
- increase in O2 delivery and extraction.
- decrease fast twitch motor unit recruitment
- decrease in epinephrine release.
15
Q
which of the fallowing does not play a role in increasing endurance performance in anaerobic threshold?
a) speed
b) power output
c) VO2
d) CO2
e) a, b, c are correct
A
e)
16
Q
what is the process of pulmonary ventilation?
A
- O2 comes in through the nose and mouth and fills the lungs.
- the O2 in the lungs diffuses out of the lungs into the pulmonary capillaries. O2 moves from lungs to blood.
- the blood O2 rich blood then moves into the heart by the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium and moves out of the heart through the left ventricle and down the systemic artery.
- at the systemic capillaries there is O2 that diffuses out of the blood into the cells in tissues and CO2 that diffuses into the blood making that blood in the systemic capillaries deoxygenated.
- the deoxygenated blood moves through the systemic vein into the right atrium of the heart and up and out throug the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.
- the deoxygenated blood (has CO2) diffuses back into the into the lungs where the CO2 is exhaled out, and fresh O2 diffuses into the pulmonary capillaries from the lungs.
17
Q
what are the 4 steps that occur in pulmonary ventilation?
A
- nose/mouth intake air. to the lungs
- external respiration. O2 lungs to blood
- internal respiration. O2 goes through gas diffusion from blood to cells.
- cellular respiration. CO2 moves from aerobic metabolism to the cells, and O2 from cells to aerobic metabolism.
18
Q
what are the 3 components of the conductive zones?
A
- transport air (mouth, nose)
- warms/ humidifies (pharynx, larynx, trachea)
- filters air (primary and secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchioles.)
19
Q
what forms the physiological dead space?
A
Alveolar + anatomical dead space = physiological dead space.
20
Q
what are 2 factors that movement of air depends on?
A
- pressure gradient
- resistance.
21
Q
- what is pressure gradient?
- what is resistance?
A
- the difference between two pressures. gas moves from a area of high pressure to low pressure.
- is the sum of the forces opposing the flow of gases. 20 % is caused by tissue friction during inspiration and expiration. 80% is due to friction between gas molecules and the walls of the airway.
22
Q
what is the difference between minute and alveolar ventilation?
A
minute ventilation
- external ventilation.
- the amount of air that is inspired or the amount of air expired in 1 minute.
- VE = Vt x f
- L/min
alveolar ventilation
- the amount of air that is available for gas exchange.
- VA = (Vt-VD) xf
23
Q
what are the fallowing pulmonary ventilation symbols?
VE
VD
VT
f
VD/VT
A
VE= minute ventilation
VD= dead space
VT= tidal volume
f= frequency
VD/VT= ratio of dead space to tidal volume.
24
Q
what are the fallowing external ventilation symbols?
VA
PAO2
PaO2
A-a
SaO2
PACO2
A
VA= alveolar ventilation
PAO2= partial pressure of oxygen at the alveoli
PaO2= partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood
A-a= PO2 pressure gradient between the alveoli and arteries
SaO2= % saturation of arterial blood within oxygen
PACO2= partial pressure of CO2 at the alveoli
25
what are the fallowing internal ventilation symbols?
a-vO2
PaO2
PaCO2
PvCO2
SvO2
PvO2
a-vO2= amount of oxygen carried in the aRTERIES - the amount carried in the vEINS
PaO2= partial pressure of oxygen in the arterial blood
PaCO2= partial pressure of CO2 in the arterial blood
PvCO2= partial pressure of CO2 in venous blood
SvO2= % saturation of venous blood with oxygen
PvO2= partial pressure of O2 in venous blood.
26
what makes up static lung volume? and what are they?
1. tidal volume
- the amount of air that is inspired or expired in a normal breath
2. vital capacity
- the greatest amount of air that can be exhaled FALLOWING a maximal inhalation
- VC = IRV + VT + ERV
3. residual volume
- the amount of air left in the lungs fallowing maximal exhalation.
4. total lung capacity.
- the greatest amount of air that can be contained in the lungs.
- TLC= VC + RV
27
what makes up dynamic lung volume?
FEV 1.0 (force expiratory volume)
- the amount of air exhaled in the first second. this also measures total volume and rate flow.
- FEV 1.0/FVC is the amount of full air exhaled after inhalation.
MVV (maximal voluntary ventilation.
- max amount of air inhaled and exhaled over 15 seconds. deep breath in and out. this is measured in 1 minute. 15 s X 4= 1 minute.
- airway resistance, respiratory muscle function, thorax lung compliance.
28
what is daltons law of partial pressure?
- the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of partial pressure of the component gases.
- it is the partial pressure of both gases and are then combined.
29
O2 will have _______ pressure and CO2 will have ________ pressure in the alveoli? and why?
- lower & higher partial pressure.
- there is a difference in pressure when. (ASK ARIELLE)
30
what are two types of gas exchange between air and liquid in the body?
- air into the lungs
- lungs move air into capillaries.
31
what is equilibrium in gas exchange?
- it is when the pressure in a gas has the same pressure that is ion a liquid .
32
in dry atmospheric air and sea level, what is the percent, PB, and P of O2, CO2, N2, H2O?
O2= 21%, PB 760 mmHG, P 159 mmHG
CO2= 0.03%, PB 760 mmHG, P 0.3 mmHG
N2= 79.04%, PB 760 mmHg, 600.7 mmHG
H2O= 0%, PB 760 mmHG, P 0.0 mmHG
33
in dry atmospheric air and altitude, what is the percent, PB, and P of O2, CO2, N2, H2O?
O2= 21%, PB 440 mmHG, P 92.0 mmHG
CO2= .03%, PB 440 mmHG, 0.1 mmHG
N2= 79.04%, PB 440 mmHG, 348.0 mmHG
H2O= 0%, PB 440 mmHG, 0.0 mmHG
34
in alveolar air and sea level, what is the percent, PB, and P of O2, CO2, N2, H2O?
O2= 13.7-14.6%, PB 760-47= 713 mmHG, P 104 to 98 mmHG
CO2= 5.3%, PB 760-47= 713 mmHG, 40 mmHG
N2= 78.7-79.8%, PB 760-47=713 mmHG, P 561 to 569 mmHG
35
what allows PAO2 to be lower than PiO2?
- saturation with water vapour
- O2 is continually leaving alveolar air (into blood)
- Co2 is continually entering alveolar air (from blood)
36
what is the oxygen cascade?
- this is where the pressure of O2 drops by diffusion of O2 through the blood into the tissues. the deeper that O2 moves into the tissues the less O2 avalible.
37
why is it important for O2 to move from high to low pressure?
- it is important because as O2 comes into the cell, it attacked with the hem of hemoglobin and the oxygen is taken to the body, and therefore creates a change in pressure.
38
how does CO2 move within the pulmonary system?
- CO2 lies with in the tissues and as oxygen comes into the body and diffuses into the lungs it makes its way through the heart and down to the systemic capillaries. it is here where the CO2 diffuses into the blood and the O2 diffuses into the tissue. the CO2 then moves back towards the heart and then to the pulmonary capillaries where the CO2 is exhaled out of the body. cycle repeats after CO2 is exhaled.
39
what is the oxygen cascade?
- the oxygen cascade is the affect of oxygen that diffuses as it moves throughout the body. the deeper it moves into the body the lower the oxygen pressure is. it starts as dry air and comes into the lungs. the air then moves to the trachea and the O2 pressure drops slightly. the O2 then moves to the alveoli and diffuses into the arteries through the pulmonary capillaries. the oxygen then moves to the capillary bed and finally down into the mitochondria where we are left with 4-22 mmHg. the O2 is then used for the ETC.
40
what are 2 ways oxygen is transports?
1. 1.5-3% of O2 is transported as dissolved O2 in plasma.
- dissolved O2 is what creates PaO2. (partial arterial pressure of oxygen)
2. 97-98.5% of O2 is associated with RBC. (oxyhaemoglobin)
- 1g of Hb carries 1.34 ml of O2
41
explain what is happening with O2 binding with Hb?
- there is a deoxyhemoglobin molecule. this molecule is cataylized so that the binding site on the hem is opened for O2 to bind to it. Fe (iron) is required in order for this process to occur.
- once a O2 binds to the hem, then that creates a shift where the other hem sub units active site become avalible for O2 to bind with them and create oxyhemoglobin.
- normally 75% of the hem have O2 attached to them which is the saturation of the hemoglobin.
42
what do the fallowing measure?
SaO2
SvO2
SbO2
SpO2
SaO2= hemoglobin saturation % in arterial blood. (O2 rich)
SvO2= hemoglobin saturation % in venous blood. (O2 poor)
SbO2= hemoglobin saturation % in blood.
SpO2= peripheral O2 saturation %. (pulse ox)
43
how is PO2 affected during heavy exercise?
- PO2 is affected because as we increase activity, we are using more O2 and producing more CO2. therefore are decreasing the pressure in the pulmonary capillaries because our body needs to use that O2 to supply it to other tissues.
- we end up producing more CO2 than we are taking in O2, and we get a PO2 and PCO2 difference.
44
why when holding your breath is there a partial pressure difference?
- Because as we hold our breath our body use O2 to deliver to tissues.
- we are not taking in O2 and by our blood using that O2 for tissues we get a gas exchange at the systemic capillaries with CO2. there is more CO2 being produced, and the pressure of CO2 builds up causing a exhalation release.
45
how does the Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve work?
- during arterial resting blood, as the PO2 increases the HbO2 also increases and therefore we get a higher SbO2 %.
- with resting venous blood, as the dissolved PO2 decreases the SbO2% also decreases.
46
are lungs a limiting factor during heavy exercise?
normally no, but when there is a PaO2 decrease in pressure, due to heavy exercise then yes because the PO2 pressure is changed.
47
3 mechanisms that transport CO2?
1. 5-10% dissolved in plasma
2. 20% in loose combination with Hb
- CO2 bind w/ globin and is transported into cells.
3. 70-75% CO2 combines with water as bicarbonate
- carbonic anhydrase is used as a catalyze in RBC
- RBC uses carbonic anhydrase as a catalyase inside RBC.
- HCO3- diffuses into the plasma.
48
4 factors affecting ventilation?
1. mechanoreceptors in jt and muscle (sensation of tension, pressure, and stress)
2. higher brain centres.
- continue control and emotions related by stress.
3. chemoreceptors in the medulla and periphery (carotid and aortic bodies)
- responds to shifts of CO2 so we push out more O2.
4. systemic receptors
- pain
- tempeture.
49
how does the shift of SbO2 occur during exercise?
- during exercise there is a a PO2 difference, where the level of exercise dictates the SbO2%. the heavier the intensity the lower the PO2 pressure. EX, during heavy exercise of venous blood, the SbO2% is 22% roughly, the lighter the exercise the greater the SbO2%.
50
Kin 210
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Chapter 2 Energy Production29
-
lab 1 ergometer6
-
ATP-PCr #39
-
glycolytic/ lactic/ anaerobic lactic system34
-
lab 2 intermittent vs continuous exercise6
-
aerobic system #511
-
energy expenditure lab 410
-
fat metabolism35
-
Fatigue and recovery27
-
pulmonary system50
-
cardiovascular system and exercise49
-
neuromuscular system and exercise40
