PV Loops

Question 1

Answer 1

Acute MR

Question 2

Answer 2

CHF and volatiles agents a high MAC

Question 3

Answer 3

chronic aortic regurgitation

Question 4

Answer 4

chronic Aortic stenosis

Question 5

Answer 5

digitalis

Question 6

Answer 6

IHSS

Question 7

Answer 7

Mitral Stenosis and NTG

(technically; Loss of Preload = Lasix, NTG, Cardiac Tamponade)

Question 8

Answer 8

• A’ is normal single ventricular contraction
• ‘B’ shows increasing preload with constant contractility and afterload
• ‘C’ shows increasing afterload with constant preload and contractility
• ‘D’ shows increasing contractility with constant preload and afterload

ESP= End systolic point; EDP= End diastolic point

Question 9

Question 10

Answer 10

nitroprusside

decreased afterload

Question 11

Answer 11

phenylephrine

Increased Afterload

(also see thisi with HTN, AS)

Question 12

Answer 12

• A=normal,
• B= mitral stenosis,
• C= aortic stenosis,
• D= mitral regurgitation (chronic),
• E= aortic regurgitation (chronic)

Question 13

Answer 13

• Point B = EDV/EDP; MV Closes, S1
  
  • Beginning of contraction
  • Heart is biggest as it gets
  • Shows EDP/EDV relationship
  • Shows LVEDV. Pressure is fairly low
  • Indicates compliance; how easily ventricle takes in blood without significant rise in pressure
• Point D = ESV/ESP, AV Closes, S2
  
  • Ventricle start relaxing
  • Ca⁺⁺ is releasing from troponin and going back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
  • Shows ESP/ESV relationship
  • ( or ) shows regurgitation

Question 14

Example of Increased Preload

Answer 14

Fluids

vasoconstriction

Increased EDV, SV, MAP, PCWP

Decreased SVR, HR

Question 15

example of decreased Preload

Answer 15

Lasix, NTG, Cardiac Tamponade, Mitral Stenosis

Decreased EDV, LV size, SV, MAP, PCWP

Increased SVR and HR

Question 16

example of Increased Afterload

Answer 16

Neo, HTN (concentric hypertrophy), Aortic Stenosis, coarctation of Aorta, Aortic Abd. clamping

Increased: EDV, ESV, MAP, SVR, PCWP, HR

Decreased: LV size (mostly remains same), SV

Question 17

example of decreased afterload

Answer 17

Nitropruside

Decreases: EDV, ESV, LV size, MAP, SVR, PCWP, HR

Increases: SV, HR

Question 18

Example of Increased Contractility

Answer 18

Digoxin, Ca++, PDE3 Inhibitor, Dobutamine

Increases: SV, MAP

Decreases: EDV, ESV!!, LV size (emptying better), PCWP, HR,

Question 19

example of Decreased contractility

Answer 19

CHF, Volatiles at High MAC

Increases: EDV, ESV, LV Volume, PCWP, HR, SVR

Decreases: SV, MAP