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Pysc test Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of classification?

A

Organizes information for study and pattern recognition

Classification helps in systematic understanding of concepts and phenomena.

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2
Q

What are the two types of classifications?

A
  • Descriptive
  • Causal

These classifications help in understanding features and causal relationships.

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3
Q

What does descriptive classification describe?

A

Similar features, such as wings in bats and birds

This classification focuses on observable characteristics.

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4
Q

What is causal classification?

A

Identifies a cause-and-effect relationship,
explaining why phenomena occur
e.g., low blood pressure causes fainting

This type of classification links conditions to their outcomes.

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5
Q

What is symptomatic heterogeneity?

A

Different symptoms for the same condition, such as flu symptoms varying among individuals

This concept highlights variability in symptom presentation.

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6
Q

What does dimensionality in mental health refer to?

A

Mental health issues are not categorical but dimensional and can be modeled by a normal distribution

This suggests a continuous spectrum of mental health conditions.

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7
Q

What is causal heterogeneity?

A

Causal heterogeneity means that the impact of a treatment is not uniform across the entire population. Instead, the effect of the treatment can vary depending on individual characteristics, such as age, gender, race, or other factors.

In contrast, causal homogeneity assumes that the treatment effect is consistent across all individuals.

This indicates that responses to causes can differ significantly among groups.

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8
Q

What is heterogeneity in the context of symptoms?

A

Different sets of symptoms for the same condition

This emphasizes the diversity in how conditions manifest.

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9
Q

What are the two types of indices used for mental health classifications?

A
  • DSM
  • ICD

These indices provide frameworks for diagnosing mental health disorders.

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10
Q

How does DSM function in mental health classification?

A

Acts like an encyclopedia, pointing to diagnoses without causing them

DSM serves as a reference for identifying mental health conditions.

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11
Q

What are the three ways to classify and deal with mental health disorders?

A
  • Theory
  • Formulation
  • Transdiagnostic mechanism

These approaches offer varied perspectives for understanding and treating mental health issues.

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12
Q

What does theory refer to in the context of mental health?

A

Theory - (and exsplatory theory) is a scientific exsplaination on how shit works eg we can see that animels fit in enviroments over time boom natural selction Theory

Theory encompasses foundational concepts underpinning mental health understanding.

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13
Q

What is formulation in mental health treatment?

A

A targeted explanation for an individual, differing by person and serving as a roadmap for treatment

a detailed, individualised explanation of why a person experiences specific difficulties, aiming to move beyond a simple diagnosis

This approach personalizes mental health care strategies.

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14
Q

What is a transdiagnostic mechanism?

A

A chunk of a theory that helps understand a range of problems, e.g., Repetitive Negative Thinking, Avoidance.

A transdiagnostic mechanism is a thing plays a role in many different mental health disorders. understanding these shared mechanisms, therapists can create treatments that work across disorders instead of needing a different one for each condition. It makes therapy more flexible and focused on going on underneath.

This concept facilitates comprehension of overlapping mental health issues.

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15
Q

Habituation

A

After becoming bored, will babies be interested again after something changes?

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16
Q

Violation of Expectation -

A

After being shown a story, do babies have an expectation of how it should end?

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17
Q

Anticipatory Looking-

A

Where do babies look first in anticipation of something happening?

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18
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A
  • the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.
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19
Q

Selective trust paradigm

A

Which typically involves children choosing between two sources of knowledge

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20
Q

Instrumental vs Conventional/Ritual stance

A

The instrumental stance emphasizes efficiency and goal-oriented behavior, while the conventional/ritual stance focuses on maintaining social order and tradition through adherence to established rules and practices

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21
Q

Normative protest

A

no that’s not how you do it, Undertsanding of normative – the right way

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22
Q

Imperative protest –

A

You should do It this way

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23
Q

Intrapsychological -

A

Within ones own mind, It’s used in psychology to describe activity, conflicts, trauma, or any other important occurrences that happen in a person’s mind or psyche.

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24
Q

Interpsychological

A

in a group setting, refers to processes that occur between individuals, particularly during social interactions.

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25
Highfidelitly imitation -
copy actions excatly to a t
26
Criteria – gotta met criteria
Criteria would usually list of symptoms( do not need all of these just enough
27
Social tolerance
refers to a learning scenario where the learner is allowed to enter the "social space" or "comfort zone" of the teacher. In other words, a learner can "come close" to the teacher, which allows close observation and detail-oriented learning
28
Opportunity provision:
Opportunity provision: Providing opportunities for children to practise the skills they are developing. Providing opportunities to make mistakes!
29
Stimulus/Local enhancement:
Introducing materials or a learning space that is stimulating and inspiring
30
Evaluative feedback and direct active teaching
are two teaching types we employ widely in typical urban settings
31
What is reliability?
Basically different people conducting tests on the same patient get the same diagnosis (like can people say a rock is a rock? Hot dog a sandwich? Lol need rules =critria
32
Criteria
Criteria distinguish one thing form another eg bipolar and depression even though they have similar symptoms
33
WHat is The whare tapa wha
The shit you did in health class
34
Te taha Tinana –
Pysical health
35
Te taha Whānau - Relationship health
Relationship health
36
Te taha hinengaro
– cognitive health (mental and thiught commicatons)
37
Te taha wairua –
spripirtual and cultrual health
38
Tino Rangatiratanga –
self-determination, sovereignty, and independence, integrate data sovereignty from data science, do they hae control?
39
Taonga tuku iho -
Acknowledge Māori ways of knowing and being, (normalising this integrating māori ideas/idioms that should be commonplace, (but not in western culture eg mana) allowing this to influence your methodology in collecting research, (put your research into the hands of others – Māori understanding of your Reasearch variables, eg personalities or traits eg mascuilty and shit that has a different understanding from western
40
Ako māori
Ako mean to learn and teach, everybody has knowledge to learn and share, reciprocal knowledge transfer, and value transfer, Emphasises reciprocal knowledge and value exchange. Often involves face-to-face interaction and koha (gift-giving) as a sign of mutual respect. Share results transparently with the community in clear, accessible language. Avoid academic jargon that creates barriers — knowledge should be for everyone. Use ongoing feedback to adapt and learn throughout the process Tukana - teina (you are the younger sibling you are here to lear from others)
41
Kia piki ake i nga raruraru o te kāinga -
The Principle of Socio-Economic Mediation. This principle asserts a need for Kaupapa Māori research to be of positive benefit to Māori communities. It also acknowledges the relevance and success that Māori derived initiatives have as intervention systems for addressing socio-economic issues that currently exist.
42
Whānau
The Principle of Extended Family Structure. acknowledges the relationships that Māori have to one another and to the world around them.
43
Kaupapa
Your reaserch drive is it beneift maori ecnomically, socia, cultureal politcally (the geo spaces) how can you reaserch be used by the communit your are reasrerching Collective vision for prject outcome Talking to elders and communites leaders on problems they've noticed or the relevance of you topic
44
ATA
Nature a relationship with your participants beyond reaserch, the principle of growing respectful relationships
45
Te tiriti o waintangi
te Tiriti o Waitangi - the principle of honouring treaties made, (your positinoality What are your oblilgations?
46
Self-Report Inventories
Self-report inventories are a kind of objective test used to assess personality.
47
gorson allport
Social facilitation
48
social falicitation
Presume of others improves your performance (comoetion
49
social loafing
Penance of others make you worse
50
ribgelmann 1931
Group rope experiment coordination loss and motivation loss
51
52
what inhibits reponce in an emcwncy??
Diffusion of responsibility
53
3 motivation for leadership
Affirmation,power achiment
54
leaderhsip types
Authoritarian, democratic and laisze faire
55
propqiutey effect
More likely to be friend with similar geographical people
56
robert sterburg
Triangular theory of love, intimacy commitment passion
57
padeglogical va oberaavtion
Teaching vs obersvatinal
58
What is Paul Ikman known for?
Universal facial expressions
59
When did Solomon Asch conduct his famous study and what was it about?
1951, conformity.
60
What is normative influence?
Where individuals conform to group norms to gain social approval and avoid disapproval, even if they privately disagree with the behavior
61
What is individualism?
Cultures that prioritise individual achievement.
62
What is collectivism?
Group harmony is more important that anything else.
63
What is fundamental attribution error?
Judging people off their actions not circumstances
64
What is Manford Kiun do?
TST test, (I am?)
65
What is Leon Festinger known for?
His research on cognitive dissonance
66
What is Albert Bandura's famous research about? + name of the doll.
Social learning theory, Bobo doll
67
What experiment did Phillip Zimbardo conduct?
Stanford prison experiment
68
What idea was invented due to the Stanford prison
Deindividualism
69
Was Behaviourism nature or nuture?
Nature
70
Who was responsible for the little Albert experiment.
John B. Watson
71
What are Hofstede’s cultural values? name the 4 most relevant ones.
Masculinity vs femininity, Uncertainty avoidance, individualism and collectivism, power difference.
72
What is Empiricism?
We are born free of characteristics and environment has the main influence on how we develop
73
Intrapersonal
Happening inside of oneself
74
Interpersonal
Relating to relationships or communication between people
75
Situationism
Power of the situation on your own actions
76
What is Robert Rosenthal known for?
Pygmalion effect
77
What is the reverse of the Pygmalion effect?
Golum effect
78
Dispositionism
Behaviours comes from internal factors. Opposite of Situationism.
79
Self-serving bias
Successes on internal qualities and failures on external things.
80
What are the 4 bioethical principles?
Respect for autonomy Beneficence Non-maleficence Justice Integrity in relationships.
81
Ecological validity
means reflecting real world.
82
Deindividualization
Refers to a loss of self-awareness and a reduced sense of individual accountability within a group setting.
83
Etic
A way of viewing and studying psychology that is generalised across countries and objective in its measures.
84
Emic
Analysis of cultural phenomena from the perspective of one who participates in the culture being studied
85
Depersonalization
Depersonalization is when a person starts identifying more with their social group or stereotype than with their unique individuality.
86
What observations did Carnahan and Mcfarland make?
The people who chose to participate in the original Stanford Prison Experiment were more likely to be aggressive
87
Who made the California f scale?
Theodor Adorno
88
When was the F scale made?
1947
89
Who wrote the RWA or Right-wing Authoritarian Scale?
Bob Altemeyer
90
What are 3 core traits of the RWA personality?
1. Authoritarian Submission – Willingness to obey and trust authority figures without question. 2. Authoritarian Aggression – Hostility toward people seen as outsiders or rule-breakers. 3. Conventionalism – Strong belief in traditional norms and values.
91
What is Machiavellianism?
Machiavellianism is a personality trait characterized by manipulativeness, deceit, and a strategic focus on personal gain, often at the expense of others
92
What is Social comparison theory
People compare themselves to others to reduce uncertainly and place where they fit into society
93
What other theory did my besitie Leon Festinger create?
Social comparison theory.
94
Who studied burnout?
Christine Maslach
95
Who pioneered functionalism?
Willam James
96
What did Norman Triplett study?+ when
Social facilitation, 1898
97
Name 2 influential Behaviourists
Pavlov, Skinner.
98
What percent of Milgram's orignal study conformed all the way to the maximum 450 volts?
65% of the participants continued giving the shock to the learner all the way up to the 450 volts
99
Halo effect
If our first impression is positive, the subsequent judgments we make will be colored by this first impression.
100
Trait vs behaviour
The trait approach to personality is based on the idea that personality traits are stable and consistent over time. Personality type is based on the idea that one's unique set of traits can be grouped into one of two categories—introvert or extrovert.
101
What are 3 the three pillar of Robert _____ triangle of love?
Sterburg, intimacy, commiment, passion
102
what did bibb Latané do?
Helping, bystander effect
103
What types of babies are tehre in the strange situation
3 types Type A Type B Type C
104
Type 'B' baby
Secure attachment style, majority (Around 60%,) Mums love their babies and comfort them in a consistent way, babaies can depen on their partents.
105
What are the threeish stage of the strange situation test.
1 - Exploration 2 - Separation 3 - Reunification
106
what are Bowlby's 4 charteristics of attachment
Safe haven -prioves a safe space from a threat, resident evil safe room vibes Seperation anxitey - nervours when you aren't arund Secure base - The attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment Proximity maintenance. ya wanna be nearby them
107
What behviours do type 'B' babies display throught the strange situation exsperiment
A secure baby: Happy the exspore whne mama nearby (secure base,) discomfort when mother leaves, greets mother postively when mother returnes, Mum is sesitve to nabies needs, and flexible but consitent with their responce
108
What behviours do type 'A' babies display throught the strange situation exsperiment
Type A babies are insecure aviodant this means stage 1 baby is nochalant, play and shit no stranger axnitey an don't care at reunifcation mums follow a strict shedule, Minimally expressive and inflexible * Uncomfortable with close body contact * Slow to respond to distress
109
What behviours do type 'C' babies display throught the strange situation exsperiment
Insecure - resistant Less willing to exsplore, high stranger anxiety, babies go bat shit whne caregiver leaves, and contune to be that way even with unifacation (not comforted, ) caregivers have an incosietnt way of responing to distress eg yelling at the baby.
110
What is Social Referencing in babies? And an exsperiment that reflects this?
111
to what dp should P - values be rounded to?
three DP
112
to what dp should correlational values be rounded to?
2 dp
113
what do you do if the P value is 0.000?
p < .001 if p is reported on the output as .000
114
Symbolic play
happens when your child starts to use objects to represent (or symbolize) other objects.
115
Functional play
a type of play where children use toys or objects for their intended purpose.
116
6 stages of play
unoccupied, solitary, onlooker, parallel, associative, and cooperative play
117
try to remember the vibe of each stage (6 stages of play)
1. Unoccupied Play: Children are present but not actively engaged in playing. They may be watching something of momentary interest or simply exploring their surroundings. 2. Solitary Play: Children play independently, without interaction with others. They focus on their own activities and toys. 3. Onlooker Play: Children watch others playing but do not actively join in. They may ask questions or interact verbally with the other children, but they primarily observe. 4. Parallel Play: Children play alongside each other, using similar toys, but without direct interaction or shared goals. They may be aware of each other's presence but are not actively engaging with each other's play. 5. Associative Play: Children play together as a group, sharing toys and engaging in similar activities, but without a clearly defined or organized goal. They may talk about what they are doing or share objects, but there is no specific rule-directed play. 6. Cooperative Play: Children play together with a shared goal or organized activity. They may take on specific roles, follow rules, and work together to achieve a common objective.
118
When do kids recogize themselves in the mirror?
Between the ages of 18 months and 2 years, children learn that the person in the mirror is a representation of themselves.
119
Are babies in collivist society more likeley to recignize themsleves in the mirror than indivlistic? WHy?
No, It is theorized that babies in indilistic societies are used to thinking about themselevs and seeing teh the world from a more egocentric wordl view, eg the bottle is near me, whereas collivist see the world in realation to other people/objects (the bottle is on the table)
120
What is one condion that imporves social facilitation?
“Social facilitation is an improvement in the performance of well-learned/easy tasks
121
What are two reasons for soicla loafing in reglemans study? In later studies what porved to be a bigger factor?
Co-ordination loss – ● Motivation loss – as group size increased members become less motivated (don’t try as hard) Motivation loss
122
What decres social loafing?
A number of factors affect the degree of loafing - Loafing decreases when: ● supervision is obvious (Identifiability) ● the task is personally relevant (Personal Involvement) ● partners obviously put in a lot of effort (Partner Effort) ● group performance is compared to other groups (Intergroup Comparison)
123
What fatcors affect bystander effect?
Diffusion of Responsibility – Similar to social loafing – the presence of others provides an opportunity to transfer the responsibility to act onto someone else. The more someone-else’s there are, the greater the diffusion. Audience inhibition – The presence of others makes people self-conscious of an intended action (sometimes referred to as ‘fear of social blunders’) Social Influence – Other onlookers serve as models for action. If others seem unworried then one may assume the situation to be less serious than if others were clearly concerned. Strangers vs friends – if other onlookers are strangers then helping is inhibited (communication is slower) However inhibition is decreased even among strangers if it is known that there will be future opportunities to interact (and possibly explain their motives).
124
Trait vs type? what doe sthat mean?
trait is personialty that everybody at varying levels (normal distburtion) where as type means peole are sorted into catergories eg extraverted or introverted.
125
Nomographic
General laws, universal principles, and similarities across individuals. Methodology: Quantitative methods, statistical analysis, experiments, and large-scale surveys.
126
Idiographic Approach:
Qualitative methods, case studies, interviews, and auto/biographies. Focus: Individual uniqueness, personal experiences, and subjective meaning.
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