Pysch Test Flashcards

Question

What are the Goals of Client-Centred Therapy?

Answer 1

By playing an active role in the discovery process, clients can ”connect the dots” between attitudes and underlying triggers and causes. Identifying how problems relate to one another can help the client correct the behavior themselves, and thus improve their own self acceptance. Client-Centred Therapy forms the basis of contemporary psychotherapy.

Answer 2

Humanist Theory Focus on free will, personal growth, and self-actualization Abraham Maslow - Hierarchy of Needs (basic needs → self-actualization) - Studied healthy, self-actualized individuals - Criticized for lack of scientific evidence and limited sample Viktor Frankl - Developed logotherapy - Believed meaning in life helps people survive hardship - Emphasized freedom of choice and responsibility Carl Rogers - Developed client-centred therapy -People are naturally good and want to grow - Therapy focuses on acceptance and non-judgmental support

Answer 3

Behaviour is influenced by unconscious thoughts and early childhood experiences Sigmund Freud Mind = id (pleasure), ego (reality), superego (morality) Personality develops through internal conflict and defence mechanisms Early childhood experiences strongly shape adult behaviour Carl Jung Personal unconscious (individual experiences) Collective unconscious (shared ancestral memories) Archetypes are universal symbols we are born with Karen Horney Neo-Freudian and feminist psychologist Rejected Freud’s emphasis on sexual conflict Believed culture and society shape personality, especially for women Studied anxiety and neurotic disorders

Answer 4

Focus on observable behaviour, not mental processes Ivan Pavlov - Discovered classical conditioning - Learning occurs through association between stimuli B.F. Skinner - Developed operant conditioning - Behaviour shaped by rewards and punishments - Reinforcement increases behaviour; lack of reinforcement leads to extinction

Answer 5

Behaviour is influenced by thinking and observation Albert Bandura - Learning occurs through observation and imitation - Bobo Doll experiment showed modelling of aggression Elizabeth Loftus - Memory is reconstructive, not always accurate - Demonstrated how false memories can be implanted

Answer 6

Focus on changes across the lifespan Sigmund Freud - Psychosexual stages of development - Fixation can affect adult behaviour Jean Piaget - Stages of cognitive development - Children think differently at different ages Erik Erikson - Psychosocial development across the lifespan - Identity crisis during adolescence Leta Stetter-Hollingworth - Challenged beliefs about female cognitive inferiority - Studied gifted children and role of environment Harry Harlow - Attachment depends on emotional comfort, not just food Mary Ainsworth - Studied attachment styles using the Strange Situation - Secure attachment provides a base for exploration

Answer 7

Psychodynamic - Sigmund Frued - Carl Jung - Karen Horney Humanist: - Abraham Maslow - Victor Frankl - Carl Rogers Behaviourst: - Ivan Pavlov - B.F. Skinner Cognitive: - Albert Bandura - Elizabeth Loftus Developmental: - Sigmund Frued - Jean Piaget - Erik Erkson - Leta Stetter-Hollingsworth - Harry Harlow - Mary Ainsworth

Answer 8

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition (SB5), is a widely used, individually administered intelligence test that is officially accepted as a qualifying test for Mensa membership.

Answer 9

The Flynn effect is the observed, long-term rise in average IQ scores globally, about 3 points per decade, documented by psychologist James Flynn,

Answer 10

The unconscious mind contains all of the feelings and memories that most influence human behaviour. Therefore: unlocking the unconscious mind is the key to understanding human behaviour and relationships.

Answer 11

Calling your new love interest by your ex’s name – a Freudian Slip - would lead a psychoanalyst to speculate that you have “unresolved feelings” for your ex.

Answer 12

Oral stage (0-1) Anal Stage (1-3) Phallic Stage (3–5 years) Latency Stage (6–puberty) . Genital Stage (puberty–adulthood)

Answer 13

Pleasure focused on the mouth (sucking, biting, breastfeeding). Too much or too little oral satisfaction → oral fixation later in life. Adult traits: smoking, nail-biting, thumb-sucking, especially under stress

Answer 14

Pleasure focused on bowel control (holding vs. releasing). Potty training creates the first conflict with authority. Anal-retentive: tidy, controlling, stubborn (harsh training). Anal-expulsive: messy, disorganized, spontaneous (lenient training).

Answer 15

Pleasure focused on genitals; awareness of sex differences. Oedipus complex (boys): desire for mother, rivalry with father → resolved through identification with father. Electra complex (girls): desire for father, penis envy → identification with mother. Development of gender identity and superego.

Answer 16

Sexual impulses are dormant. Energy focused on school, hobbies, friendships. Play mainly with same-sex peers.

Answer 17

Sexual urges reawaken and are directed toward others. Focus on mature relationships, love, work, and responsibility. Healthy personality = balanced, well-adjusted adult.

Answer 18

ID: The impulsive, unconscious part of personality that seeks immediate pleasure and gratification (pleasure principle). EGO: The rational, conscious part that balances the ID’s desires with reality and social rules (reality principle). SUPEREGO: The moral conscience that represents societal rules and values; strives for perfection and judges behavior (moral principle).

Answer 19

He believed the manifest content of a dream, hid the meaning of the dream “Royal road to the unconscious” “Dream Work” Clever Dogs Solve Stuff Condensation: A variety of ideas and concepts are narrowed down into a single thought or image Displacement: disguises the emotional meaning of the latent content by confusing the important parts Secondary Revision: Dreams are reorganized to make sense to the viewer Symbolization: Includes objects that are meant to symbolize the latent content of the dream

Answer 20

According to a psychoanalytic theory, a developmental state that arises around the age of five, during which a boy experiences unconscious desires for his mother and the wish to replace to destroy the father

Answer 21

According to a psychoanalytic theory, a developmental state that arises around the age of five, during which a girl experiences unconscious desires for her father and the wish to replace to destroy the mother

Answer 22

Retain: The right to make, own, and control copies of the content (e.g., download, duplicate, store). Reuse: The right to use the content in a wide range of ways (e.g., in a class, study group, website, video). Revise: The right to adapt, adjust, modify, or alter the content itself (e.g., translate into another language, update for current info). Remix: The right to combine the original or revised content with other material to create something new (e.g., create a new textbook by combining chapters from different OERs). Redistribute: The right to share copies of the original content, your revisions, or your remixes with others (e.g., give a copy to a friend, share online

Answer 23

Active listening is a way of listening that involves full attention to what is being said for the primary purpose of understanding the speaker

Answer 24

Listen without judging. Try to understand the other person’s point of view. Let the speaker finish without interrupting, even if there are short silences. Show you are paying attention through eye contact and body language. Repeat or paraphrase what you heard to make sure you understood correctly. Ask questions if something is unclear. Give a brief summary to show you understand. If you choose, share your own experiences or opinions after fully listening.

Answer 25

The Core Knowledge theory, primarily developed by Elizabeth Spelke and building on pioneering infant research by Robert Fantz, posits that infants are born with innate, domain-specific cognitive systems that serve as the foundation for later learning.

Answer 26

8 stages: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: Birth - 18 months): Infants develop a sense of safety and reliability from caregivers, leading to trust or fear and mistrust if needs aren't met. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddler: 18 mos - 3 yrs): Children develop independence (autonomy) or feel shame and doubt about their abilities through potty training and exploration. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3 - 5 yrs): Children assert power and control through play; success leads to initiative, failure to guilt. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 6 - 12 yrs): Children cope with new social and academic demands, developing competence (industry) or feeling inadequate (inferiority). Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12 - 18 yrs): Teenagers explore their sense of self and personal identity, potentially experiencing confusion if they can't find their place. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood: 18 - 40 yrs): Forming intimate, loving relationships or facing loneliness. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood: 40 - 65 yrs): Contributing to the world (generativity) through work, family, or community, or feeling unproductive (stagnation). Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity: 65+ yrs): Reflecting on life; a sense of fulfillment (integrity) or regret (despair).

Answer 27

5 stages for girls: Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months): In this stage, infants must develop a sense of trust in their caregivers and the world around them. Success leads to feelings of security; failure results in anxiety and mistrust [1]. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years): Toddlers begin to assert their independence by making choices and gaining control over their physical skills. Successfully navigating this stage results in a sense of autonomy; failure leads to feelings of shame and doubt [1]. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years): Preschoolers learn to take initiative and direct their own activities and play. Successfully resolving this conflict fosters a sense of purpose; if their initiative is stifled, they may develop a sense of guilt [1]. Industry vs. Inferiority (5 to 12 years): During their school years, children develop a sense of competence and pride in their abilities and accomplishments. Success in this stage leads to feelings of industry; failure can result in a sense of inferiority [1] Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Adolescents explore their independence and develop a strong sense of self, personal identity, and future direction. Successfully navigating this stage results in a coherent identity; failure leads to confusion about their role in life [1].

Answer 28

- believed there are two parts to unconscious: the personal and the collective - personal unconsious is unique to the individual, while the collective contains memories from our ancestors, shared by all human beings regardless of their culture - observed archetypes and believed we are all born with them

Answer 29

- did not agree that personality is strongly influenced by sexual conflicts in childhood - she argued that women were pushed by society and culture to depend on men - contributed to the study of neurotic disorder (mental disorder involving anxiety and fear)

Answer 30

- studied healthy people - studied achieving people - he used his hierarchy of needs to describe his theory of motivation (but he knew that there could be other factors impacting motivation) - critique: the idea you have to move step by step and that the ideaof selfactualization only included white males

Answer 31

- saw in concentration camps that those who survived often had something to hold onto - This idea of having meaning led to his new form of therapy: logotherapy (logos: study, word, spirit, God, meaning) (this type of therapy helps people find meaning even in tough times) - Another tenet of logotherapy is that each of us has the freedom of will.

Answer 32

- developed client-centered therapy, which focuses on the potential of each person to realize his or her own growth in self awareness and self fulfillment - In the client-centred model, the psychotherapist creates a warm environment in which clients can express any feeling or thought without fear of judgment - different from psychoanalytic therapists because it focuses on the present and future rather than the past and gives more value to the consious, rather than unconsious thoughts - believed people are good and have a need to self-actualize - nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize for his work toward ending conflict in Ireland and South Africa.

Answer 33

- started studying the digestive system - he rang a bell every time he fed dogs to condition them to associate the sound with receiving food - this is called classical conditioning (one way organisms learn to adapt to their environment)

Answer 34

- Skinner box - had a bar or pedal on the wall that, when pressed, causes the release of a food pellet into the cage - within a short time, the rat is furiously peddling away at the bar, hoarding its food in the corner - thus, a behaviour that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus will result in an increased probability of that behaviour occuring in the future - if rat stops receiving food, it will stop the bar-pressing behaviour (called extinction)

Answer 35

- part of cognitive revolution (psychologists moving away from purely behavioural thought) - wondered why the same situation could generate different responses from different people or even the same person - believed people learn behaviour by watching and then imitating others - Bobo Doll Experiment: - children watched a video in which an adult acted aggressivly toward a rubber Bobo doll - then, he allowed children (one at a time) to interact with the doll, and they behaved just as aggressively - the children in the control group did not watch the video of aggressive adults, but they were less likely to behave aggressivly toward the doll

Answer 36

- believes most repressed memories aren't real memories that are hidden, rather they are memories people are unintentionally taught to believe - she and Jacqueline E. Pickerell created an experiment where participants read several stories of real events that occured during their childhood as well as one fictional story of getting lost in the mall at the age of 5. - results showed that 29% of participats remembered at least part of the false event, with 25% continuing to remember it in 2 follow-up interviews - people can be made to remember something that never occurred

Answer 37

- his stages of development theory has based on his observations of how children focus on pleasure as they mature. - stages occur one after another, but they can become fixated at the oral, anal, or phallic stage if they have not fully resolved the conflict in this stage - freud believed that this would cause these people to over or under indulge in that area in adult hood oral stage: focuses on oral pleasures anal stage: derives pleasure from learning to control anus (toilet training) phallic stage: focuses on genitals as a source of pleasure and develops Oedius complex (boys' desire for their mother and competition with father) latency stage: plays mainly with same-gender friends, sexual feelings are dormant genital stage: directs sexual urges toward members of the opposite sex

Answer 38

- Binet IQ test (Piaget worked in Alfred Binet’s laboratory, where he helped administer and analyze Binet’s intelligence tests for children) - became interested why children's answers at various ages were very different - this led to his creation of his stages of cognitive development theory - children move through the stages as they grow older, and their cognitive abilities are taken into account when a curriculum is created) - Stages: Sensorimotor: - experiences the world through senses - begin to understand objects and some language and symbols Pre-operational: - develops language and use of symobls, items, and imagination - nonlogical thinking - egocentric Concrete operational: - develops logic - develops ability to link objects and symbols - becomes less egocentric Formal - develops ability to logically link symbols to abstract ideas - become egocentric (early on) - not all adults reach this stage

Answer 39

- believed humans develop throughout their entire lives (not just childhood) - individual growth depends on society, not just personal experiences - believed adolescents will experience an identity crisis (depends on the society in which the teen live in and the concerns of their time period) 8 stages: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy: Birth - 18 months): Infants develop a sense of safety and reliability from caregivers, leading to trust or fear and mistrust if needs aren't met. Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (Toddler: 18 mos - 3 yrs): Children develop independence (autonomy) or feel shame and doubt about their abilities through potty training and exploration. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool: 3 - 5 yrs): Children assert power and control through play; success leads to initiative, failure to guilt. Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age: 6 - 12 yrs): Children cope with new social and academic demands, developing competence (industry) or feeling inadequate (inferiority). Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence: 12 - 18 yrs): Teenagers explore their sense of self and personal identity, potentially experiencing confusion if they can't find their place. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood: 18 - 40 yrs): Forming intimate, loving relationships or facing loneliness. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood: 40 - 65 yrs): Contributing to the world (generativity) through work, family, or community, or feeling unproductive (stagnation). Integrity vs. Despair (Maturity: 65+ yrs): Reflecting on life; a sense of fulfillment (integrity) or regret (despair). 5 stages for girls: Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth to 18 months): In this stage, infants must develop a sense of trust in their caregivers and the world around them. Success leads to feelings of security; failure results in anxiety and mistrust [1]. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (18 months to 3 years): Toddlers begin to assert their independence by making choices and gaining control over their physical skills. Successfully navigating this stage results in a sense of autonomy; failure leads to feelings of shame and doubt [1]. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years): Preschoolers learn to take initiative and direct their own activities and play. Successfully resolving this conflict fosters a sense of purpose; if their initiative is stifled, they may develop a sense of guilt [1]. Industry vs. Inferiority (5 to 12 years): During their school years, children develop a sense of competence and pride in their abilities and accomplishments. Success in this stage leads to feelings of industry; failure can result in a sense of inferiority [1] Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Adolescents explore their independence and develop a strong sense of self, personal identity, and future direction. Successfully navigating this stage results in a coherent identity; failure leads to confusion about their role in life [1].

Answer 40

- devloped many of the tests using primates that are standard today - believed studying primates is an appropriate way to understand human behaviour because they have many similarities - he wanted to find out which urge is stronger: the need for affection or the satisfaction of physical needs (food) - monkeys were kept in a cage with 2 mothers made of wire mesh - one was covered with tan terry cloth, and the other offered food from the breast - monkeys most prefered the cloth mother, even though she did NOT provide food - Infants depend on caregivers for more than just physical needs. emotional needs is crucial for attachment

Answer 41

- believed that the theory women are not as intelligent as men was fake - had a study with 1000 women and 1000 men, and proved that there were no intellectual differences between men and women and that women's periods do not create a difference in this either - she also studied the cognitive abilities of children and gifted children - conducted several studies of gifted and believed that while their intelligence was based partially on genes, the children's potential could be truly realized only through their environment and education - In 1936, Hollingworth began working at the Speyer School in New York City, where she initiated an enrichment curriculum known as "Evolution of Common Things." The curriculum taught them about ordinary, everyday things. - In the end, gifted students benefitted academically more from this curriculum than from the introduction of advanced academic courses - She believed that gifted children were interested in everything about the world around them. She observed that gifted children tended to have difficulty adjusting because either they were not challenged enough intellectually or they were often left alone by adults who assumed they could take care of themselves.

Answer 42

- her studies on child development became the groundwork for understand mother-infant separation and how it influences interaction later in life - infants usually become attached to those who are responsive to their needs (this is their secure base from which to explore their environment) - Strange Situation experiment: - controlled environemnt that resembled a living room - a caregiver would bring in a 12-month old child, and follow the steps: 1. Enters room with child and play with child until they are relaxed 2. A stranger enters the room and does not interact with the child 3. The caregiver leaves the room, and the stranger attempts to console the child 4. The caregiver soon return to the room and consoles the child until it is relaxed again 5. the caregiver leaves the room for the 2nd time, and the stranger tries to console the child again 6. The caregiver returns and consples the child Based on the infant's response to the caregiver's departure and subsequent return, as well as how the child explored his or her environment, children were categorized as one of the following three types: secure (70%, avoidant (20%), or resistant (10%)

Answer 43

- A securely attached infant happily explored the new environment while the caregiver was in the room. - When the caregiver left, the infant was visibly upset but responded with happiness when the caregiver returned. Ainsworth believed that this type of attachment forms when the caregiver is emotionally available and consistently responds to the child's needs.

Answer 44

- Infants exhibiting avoidant attachment were extremely upset when their caregiver left, but had mixed feelings when she returned and refused to play with her. - These infants were anxious about exploring their environment. Having a caregiver who rejects may lead the child to have this type of attachment.

Answer 45

- Infants with resistant attachment did not explore very much, regardless of whether or not their caregiver was in the room. - These infants showed little emotion upon the caregiver's departure and return. - Resistant attachment forms when a caregiver is at times very responsive, while at other times rejecting.

Answer 46

Ainsworth’s research showed that early attachment strongly influences behaviour and emotional development. Later studies found that secure attachment supports healthy emotional growth, while insecure attachments (avoidant or resistant) can lead to emotional difficulties and a negative self-concept later in life. Research also shows that attachment styles vary across cultures, with higher rates of avoidant attachment observed in Germany compared to North America.

Answer 47

- Sheldon uses operant conditioning to train Leonard's girlfriend to behave in ways he considers "good" - he does so by giving her chocolates - he sprays Leonard when he does something Sheldon considers "wrong" (negative reinforcement) - Sheldon says they should electrically shock the girl

Answer 48

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Something that naturally and automatically triggers a response, without learning. Example: Food causing salivation. Unconditioned Response (UCR): The natural, automatic reaction to the unconditioned stimulus. Example: Salivating when food is presented. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the UCS, triggers a response. Example: A bell that was paired with food. Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the conditioned stimulus. Example: Salivating when hearing the bell alone.

Answer 49

Negative Reinforcement: Removes something unpleasant Increases a behavior Purpose: To encourage a behavior Example: Putting on a seatbelt stops the annoying beeping sound → you’re more likely to wear your seatbelt again. Negative Punishment: Removes something pleasant Decreases a behavior Purpose: To stop a behavior Example: A teen loses phone privileges after breaking curfew → breaking curfew happens less often.

Answer 50

B. F. Skinner used pigeons as subjects to demonstrate operant conditioning (how behaviour is shaped by consequences). Skinner trained pigeons to perform specific actions (like pecking a button or turning in circles) by using reinforcement, usually food. When a pigeon performed the desired behavior, it received food, which increased the likelihood that the behavior would be repeated. Through this process, Skinner showed that complex behaviors can be built step by step using shaping (rewarding closer and closer approximations of the target behaviour).

Answer 51

Freud theorized that the ego uses defence mechanisms to distort reality in order to deal with anxiety. Rude Dogs Push Down Really Rotten Sandwich Rolls Repression – blocking distressing thoughts or memories from conscious awareness Denial – refusing to accept reality or facts Projection – attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others (EX: A student who is dishonest accuses others of cheating) Displacement – redirecting emotions from a threatening target to a safer one (EX: After being yelled at by a boss, a person goes home and snaps at their family instead) Rationalization – creating logical explanations to justify unacceptable behaviour Regression – reverting to behaviors from an earlier developmental stage Sublimation – channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities (EX: Someone with aggressive impulses becomes a professional athlete or boxer) Reaction formation – behaving in a way opposite to one’s true feelings

Answer 52

Repression: a process in which unacceptable desires or impulses are excluded from consciousness and left to operate in the unconscious

Answer 53

Denial: a defence mechanism whereby a person refuses to recognize or acknowledge something that is painful

Answer 54

Displacement: the shift of an emotion from its original focus to another object, person, or situation Ex: After being yelled at by a boss, a person goes home and snaps at their family instead.

Answer 55

Free association is a therapeutic technique used by Freud. The patient says whatever comes to mind without filtering thoughts. This helps bring unconscious thoughts and conflicts into conscious awareness.

Answer 56

Projection: a defence mechanism whereby a person attributes their own threatening impulses onto someone else

Answer 57

Monozygotic: identical Dizygotic: fraternal

Answer 58

Females have two X chromosomes (XX), while males have one (XY). In females, one X chromosome in each cell is randomly inactivated. Because this inactivation is random, different cells — and even identical twin girls — may express different X chromosomes, which can lead to observable differences despite having the same genes.

Answer 59

Bouchard studying identical twins raised apart and discovering astonishing similarities James Arthur Springer and James Edward Lewis “Jim Twins” separated at 4 months and reunited at 39 Carpentry, mechanical drawing Drove the same blue Chevy Dogs named Toy Wives; Linda and Betty Vacationed at the same beach Chain smoked same brand of cigarette Headaches same time of the day Same score on personality test Therefore, genetic component to personality and behaviour

Answer 60

- identical - separated at birth - share many similarities

Answer 61

Daphne Goodship and Barbara Herbert Left school at 14 At 15 fell down the stairs and weakened ankles Worked in local gov an met husbands at 16 Miscarried in the same month Had 2 boys and a girl Tinted hair auburn as teens Drank cold coffee When the met they were dressed the same in cream dresses and brown velvet jackets Habit of pushing up nose with palm They laugh and fold their arms the same way Because they never had to compete with each other, these twins believe they were freer to express their genetic potential. “You are what you are,” says Barbara.

Answer 62

Intelligence 69-78% heritable, 22-31% experience based

Answer 63

20-50% inherited

Answer 64

There are a limited number of identical twins, which means the research sample is small. * Twins can be affected by their environment and, depending on their personalities, may emphasize or de-emphasize their similarities as they grow up together. * Female twins are more likely to display genetic differences because having two X chromosomes leads one to be dormant; however, the same chromosome may be dominant in the other twin. * genetics influence behavior, but they do not determine behavior completely, so there is no guarantee * If parents give consent on behalf of their children involved in this research there may come a time when the twins may no longer want to be followed by researchers but feel obligated to continue.

Answer 65

* The value of twin studies in psychology is that they provide an opportunity to answer the question of what aspects of personality and behaviour can be attributed to either biology or the environment. * They offer a unique opportunity to study two individuals who are genetically identical (in the case of monozygotic twins) but may have different personalities. * Both types of twins, identical and fraternal, can be used in research, as they each offer a perspective on what is inherited versus what is environmentally influenced. * Studying twins that were separated at birth allows researchers to study their similarities in behaviour and interests to help determine the roles of genetics and the environment.

Answer 66

Your choices influence how you use your inherited traits Heredity is the basis for who we are Our personal choices and environment account for how we express ourselves and who we become as individuals

Answer 67

The extent to which a characteristic varies within a population.

Answer 68

A worldwide research project (1990-2003) by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. Goal: identify the location and function of all human genes. Result: Successfully identified all 3 billion DNA subunits. Determined that humans share 99.9% of the same structural units of DNA. Despite the genetic commonality, we do not believe our personalities and behaviour are 100% dependent on genes.

Answer 69

Psychologist Aaron Stern’s 1950s experiment with daughter Edith Goal: Prove that environment and specific strategies can produce a genius. Experiment: From infancy-age of 5, he consistently played Edith classical music, showed her flash cards, went to the museum every sunday, and educated her on everything she saw He took his daughter from his mom At 5: Edith read the entire Britannica Encyclopedia. At 18: Earned a PhD. Ethical issues like leaving out the mother, and creating pressure for Edith

Answer 70

Developing a better understanding of the forces that contribute to personality development and behaviour can help experts establish methods for addressing social concerns.

Answer 71

Leta Stetter Hollingworth’s work is directly related to developmental psychology because it focused on how intelligence and abilities develop over time, especially in children.

Answer 72

She believed that gifted children were interested in everything about the world around them. She observed that gifted children tended to have difficulty adjusting because either they were not challenged enough intellectually or they were often left alone by adults who assumed they could take care of themselves.

Answer 73

In 1936, Hollingworth began working at the Speyer School in New York City, where she initiated an enrichment curriculum known as "Evolution of Common Things." The curriculum taught them about ordinary, everyday things. - In the end, gifted students benefitted academically more from this curriculum than from the introduction of advanced academic courses

Answer 74

a therapeutic technique used by Freud. The patient says whatever comes to mind without filtering thoughts. This helps bring unconscious thoughts and conflicts into conscious awareness.

Answer 75

Thinking and feeling

Answer 76

Sensing and intuition

Answer 77

Strake R. Hathaway and psychiatrist J.C. McKinley at the University of Minnesota

Pysch Test Flashcards

(103 cards)