Alkene
Add bromine water dropwise. If it goes from orange to colourless, its an alkene
Haloalkane
Add silver nitrate and ethanol and warm in a water bath.
Chloroalkane - white precipitate
Bromoalkane - cream precipitate
Iodoalkane - yellow precipitate
Carbonyl
2,4 DNP and it will have an orange precipitate.
Aldehyde
Add tollens reagent and warm it. It will form a silver mirror
Primary, Secondary alcohol and aldehyde
Add acidified potassium dichromate and warm it. There will be a colour change from orange to green
Carboxylic Acid
Add aqueous sodium carbonate, it will give you effervescence