Qualitative and Quantitative

Question 1

Difference between quantitative and qualitative

Answer 1

Quantitative analysis involves measuring values to quantify motion (objective). Performance is recorded from which numerical scaling is applied. Examples = measuring time, displacement , velocity acceleration, angles, etc.

Qualitative analysis involves evaluating the quality of movement /performance subjectively on the basis of observation (subjective). In any cases, qualitative analysis is visual observation in real time, in field conditions. Examples = ratings of poor, average good, etc

Question 2

Why is there a need to develop qualitative analysis procedures and standards?

Answer 2

Standardising qualitative analysis procedures ensures applicability across different levels of performer and a systematic approach that reduces the likelihood of error.

Qualitative analysis is not usually equipment dependent and can be used anywhere and anytime

Question 3

Name 2 important criteria for an effective approach to qualitative analysis

Answer 3

1. Systematic

2. Based on the mechanics of movement

Question 4

What are the 4 phases of the McPherson model of performing a qualitative skill analysis?

Answer 4

1. Pre-observation
2. Observation
3. Remediation
4. Diagnosis

Question 5

Pre-observation involves what two phases?

Answer 5

1. Movement Analysis Model (Deterministic Model)

2. Observation Planning

Question 6

Several guideline rules are suggested when developing a mechanical model. List and explain
these rules.

Answer 6

a. Where possible factors in model should be mechanical quantities, not vague words. eg. mass, ht, wt, force, torque.
b. Each factor must be completely determined by those immediately below it
c. Only direct effects should be included
d. Stop when cannot divide mechanical factors any further (coaching points)
e. Relationships between boxes on the same line are not shown (simplicity)

Question 7

The movement analysis phase consists of what four stages? List these and explain them.

Answer 7

Step 1: Determine the goal / Identify the RESULT

• This is the overall objective of the task/skill
• Ranges from distance thrown / height achieved / time taken to complete course etc
• Results may be Subjective or Objective

• Step 2: Division of the the RESULT

• Break the result into subsequent component parts
• This is the two or three main factors which contribute to the successful outcome.

• Step 3: Determine the mechanical factors

• This is where you determine the mechanical factors that influence the result
• You need a reasonable working knowledge of biomechanical principles.

• Step 4: Determine the critical features of performance

• The final stage is to take each mechanical factor and identify the body actions which generate these mechanical factors (Critical Features).
• The critical features are defined as statements describing specific joint or body motions allowing the task to be performed: They are the KEY features that allow performance

Question 8

What critical features must be considered when designing an observation plan?

Answer 8

The observational plan should target the critical features that are observable body actions and modifiable.

Question 9

List and explain several important and/or limiting factors when observing a skill.

Answer 9

• Allow warm up and performance as usual for activity
• Analyse activity “in competition” where possible
• Performance repeats should be conducted without feedback
• Number of trials performed / observed depends on:
  
  • Limits of competition
  • How complex / fatiguing the activity
• All trials should be performed with MAX effort

Question 10

List several methods of observation giving an example for each

Answer 10

• Direct observation:

• Observe skill as it is being performed with naked eye or via video
• Record performance with video and review numerous times

• Indirect observation:
* Observe skill during performance with other than visual method or after it has been performed: e.g.
foot prints before and after hurdle, marks in sandpit, divot in golf, point of landing of ball or
instrument, marks in snow or ice
* Some noises can be helpful especially if rhythm plays an important role: e.g. triple jump, basketball
layup
* Tactile information can be used to indicate performance level: e.g. spotter in gymnastics, swimming
relay change-over
* Kinesthetic observation may be provided by the performer: e.g. Info from within body of athlete (How
does it feel? Does it feel like this?)

Question 11

What is the purpose of the diagnosis phase?

Answer 11

Diagnosis is the process of identifying errors from the observed performances

Question 12

Explain the process for identifying errors.

Answer 12

Diagnosis (identifying errors) involves 3 phases

A. Identify discrepancies between the desired and observed responses

B. Classify the errors as Primary or Secondary

C. Prioritise & Rank the errors depending upon their perceived level of importance

Question 13

Be able to explain the process of remediation and note several important considerations.

Answer 13

Remediation is the important final step in the process involving feedback and instruction to the performer

General Remediation Guidelines

• Concentrate on one aspect at a time
• Choose appropriate methods to communicate feedback / instructions
• Check that the performer has understood the instructions
• Make modifications gradually
• Consider how modifications will affect rest of the skill

Question 14

What is a checklist chart and list several important considerations when designing one?

Answer 14

A checklist or coaching chart is a tool for recording the observation against the critical features.

• A coaching chart should be 1 side of 1 page only
• It should require minimal writing during the observation such as ticks, crosses, circles, etc
• It should contain any additional information that may be useful, such as: age, ht, weight, name, ocupation, team position, etc.