HEMATOLOGY > QUANTITATIVE DISORDERS > Flashcards

QUANTITATIVE DISORDERS Flashcards

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1
Q

absolute leukocyte counts >11.0x10^9/L

A

Leukocytosis

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2
Q

absolute leukocyte counts <3.0x1069/L

A

Leukopenia
..

…….

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3
Q

Absolute neutrophil count: >7.0 – 8.0x10^9/L in adults, 8.5x10^9/L in children

A

Neutrophilia

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4
Q

Normal relative neutrophil count is___

A

50-70%

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5
Q

neutrophilia can be __.

A

pathologic or physiologic

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6
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
infection:

A

bacterial, parasitic, fungal (actinomycosis), viral (varicella, variola, rabies, herpes zoster),

VVRH

.

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7
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Malignancy

A

neoplastic growth

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8
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Inflammation

A

: serosal, visceral, blood cell destruction, post-traumatic, thermal injury, chemicals/drugs

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9
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
Metabolic disorders:

A

diabetes, renal dysfunction, liver disease

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10
Q

Pathologic cause of Neutrophilia
drugs:

A

Corticosteroids, Lithium

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11
Q

Physiologic: (usually transient) cause of Neutrophilia

o Physical stimuli:

A

exercise, excessive temperature changes, nausea,
vomiting, pregnancy, labor

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12
Q

Physiologic: (usually transient) cause of Neutrophilia

Emotional stimuli:

A

rage, panic, stress

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13
Q

Neutrophilia will always be evaluated using __

A

absolute value.

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14
Q

The Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) determine by adding the numbers of ___ and __

A

segmented and band neutrophil.

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15
Q

Decreased count of neutrophil.

A

Neutropenia

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16
Q

Most common type of leukopenia

A

Neutropenia

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17
Q

Absolute neutrophil count for neutropenia

A

<1.75-1.8x109/L

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18
Q

Agranulocytosis

A

extreme neutropenia (<0.5x109/L)

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19
Q

Causes of neutropenia:

A
  • Decreased neutrophil production
  • Inherited stem cell disorders: Fanconi’s syndrome
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20
Q

Acquired stem cell disorders:

A

chemical toxicity, marrow replacement,
nutritional deficiencies, cytotoxic drugs

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21
Q

Increased neutrophil destruction
Infections:

A

bacterial (typhoid, parathypoid, brucellosis) -
Infectious hepatitis, infectious rubella

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22
Q

Increased neutrophil destruction

Immune reactions:

A

neonatal isoimmune neutropenia (maternal IgG),
autoimmune

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23
Q

Under Felty’s syndrome is SANTA.

A

S – Splenomegaly
A – Anemia
N – Neutropenia
T – Thrombocytopenia
A – Arthritis

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24
Q

Drug-induced neutropenia

A

amidopyrine, cephalosporins

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25
Increased sequestration in neutropenia
associated with splenic enlargement, increased margination
26
Pseudoeutropenia in neutropenia
after injection of endotoxin, hypersensitivity, hypothermia
27
Absolute eosinophil count:
0.4x10^9/L
28
Major function of eosinophil
Granulation where substance releases the damage of organism
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Causes of eosinophilia: o Infestation by tissue
invading parasites
30
Causes of eosinophilia: Allergic reactions:
respiratory (asthma, hay fever) skin disorder (psoriasis, eczema)
31
Causes of eosinophilia: Pulmonary disorder:
Loeffler’s syndrome, PIE (pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia) tropical eosinophilia
32
Causes of eosinophilia: Gastrointestinal disorders:
ulcerative colitis Infections: scarlet fever, HIV, fungal
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Causes of eosinophilia: Miscellaneous disorders:
familial, irradiation, periarteritis nodosa
34
Also seen in cases of HIV infection, scarlet fever, and fungal infection
Eosinophilia
35
Absolute eosinophil count for Eosinopenia
<0.09x10^9/L
36
is eosinopenia Difficult to detect using routine differentials and total leukocyte count ?
yes
37
Most common cause of eosinopenia is the presence of
malignant myeloproliferative myoplasm
38
Associated with condition Eosinopenia:
Marrow hypoplasia
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Causes of eosinopenia:
o Acute bacterial infections o ACTH administration (thorn’s test)
40
Basophilia Absolute basophil count
>0.15x10^9 /L
41
Usually associated with eosinophilia.
Basophilia
42
Most common cause of Basophiliais the presence of
malignant myeloproliferative neoplasm.
43
Causes of Basophilia:
o Reactive basophilia: hypersensitivity o Hypothyroidism o Ulcerative colitis o Estrogen therapy
44
Basopenia Caused by:
acute infections, stress, hyperthyroidism, increased levels of glucocorticoids . )
45
Monocytosis Absolute monocyte count:
>0.9x10^9 /L or until 1.0x10^9/L in adults and 3.5x10^8/L in neonates
46
Monocytosis is Caused by: Bacterial infections:
tuberculosis, subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE), syphilis
47
Monocytosis is Caused by: Inflammatory responses:
surgical trauma, tumors, collagen vascular, disorders gastrointestinal disease
48
relative caused of monocytosis
Recovery from neutropenia (relative)
49
another cause of Myeloproliferative disorders
monocytosis
50
monocytosis is Associated with:
neutropenic disorder.
51
monocytosis is Associated with:
neutropenic disorder.
52
is often the first sign of recovery after myelosuppression
monocytosis
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Monocytopenia Absolute monocyte count:
<0.02x10^9/L
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Decrease in monocyte.
Monocytopenia
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Very rare condition that do not involve cytopenia found in patient receiving steroid therapy.
Monocytopenia
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Monocytopenia Caused by:
after administration of glucocorticoids, during overwhelming infections that also causes neutropenia.
57
monocytopenia is can be seen in what type of leukemia
hairy cell leukemia
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Monocytopenia has been found in patients receiving ____ and what conditions
steroid therapy or hemodialysis and in sepsis.
59
Lymphocytosis Absolute lymphocyte count in:
o Adult: >4.5x10^9 /L o Infants and young children: >10x10^9 /L o Children older than 2 weeks and younger than 8 years have higher lymphocyte
60
Relative lymphocytosis:
: increase in the percentage of circulating lymphocytes, does not necessarily reflect a true or absolute increase in lymphocytes.
61
Reactive/atypical/variant lymphocytes:
lymphocytes seen in non-malignant disorders, normal lymphocytes reacting to a stimulus (infection, etc.).
62
LEUKOCYTE DISORDERS
I. Morphological Abnormalities of Leukocytes II. Non-Malignant Leukocyte Disorders III. Malignant Leukocyte Disorders
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The segmentation of neutrophil is greater than 2-5 lobes.
Hypersegmented Neutrophil
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Has a normal size 4-6 lobes in the nucleus found in the stage of recovery from infection.
Polycyte
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Larger than normal neutrophil and has 5-10 nuclear lobes.
macropolycyte
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Seen in ___, the hypersegmented neutrophils are one of the hallmark of this condition. (Macroplocyte)
pernicious anemia
67
Nucleus becomes smaller and denser
Pynknocyte
68
Nuclear segments disappear, leaving several balls of dense chromatin
Pynknocyte
69
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte Also called as
Downey type cell or Turk Irritation cell.
70
Cell has a chromatin arrangement which gives the cell a “Moth-eaten” or “Tunneled appearance” or “Swiss-cheese”
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
71
cell has prominent azurophilic granules
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
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seen in infectious mononucleosis, viral hepatitis, viral pneumonia, and herpes simplex infections.
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
73
sunny side up
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
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atypical lymphocytes are generally lymphocytes that had been activated to respond to a viral infection, bacterial or parasitic infection.
Virocyte or Atypical Lymphocyte
75
Myeloblast that is characterized by having a nucleus with deep indentions often suggesting lobulation
Rieder cell
76
Rieder cell are Seen in ____
acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Ah May Long Ride AML-RIEDER
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The nucleus nitong ating ___ is widely and deeply indented, mayroon po silang lobulations, parang flower.
rieder cell
78
Cell with holes or vacuoles in the cytoplasm.
Vacuolated cell
79
Signs of degeneration in severe infections, chemical poisoning and leukemia.
Vacuolated cell
80
Vacuolated cell , what causes vacuolation?
exposure to bacterial or viral antigen degeneration from severe infection, chemical poisoining, and leukemia
81
Net-like nucleus from a ruptured white cell specially a PMN (Polymorphonuclear neutrophils).
Basket cell or Smudge cell
82
Basket cell or Smudge cell are seen in
Seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) CLL = Crush Lagi Lumuluha → kaya nagkaka-smudge (like eyeliner after iyak).
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if smudge cell is not caused by CLL, then what could be the cause
poor smear
84
Lupus Erythematosus Cell (LE Cells) is also known as
Hargraves
85
PMN which had engulfed the nuclear material of another PMN or a lymphocyte
Lupus Erythematosus Cell (LE Cells)
86
LE cells has two (2) nuclei:
a. Nucleus of phagocyte itself b. Ingested Nucleus
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the __ of LE cell is flattened in periphery.
Nucleus of phagocyte
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the __ of LE cell is absent and replaced by a purplish homogenous round mass.
Ingested Nucleus
89
____has phagocytized the denatured nuclear material of another cell
PMN or macrophage
90
Atleast ___ cells should be seen in order to considered as POSITIVE to SLE.
10 cells
91
Monocyte with an engulfed nucleus usually of a lymphocyte or maybe the whole lymphocyte itself.
Tart cell
92
Exhibits nucleophagocytosis.
Tart cell
93
Lymphocyte with hair like cytoplasmic projection surrounding the nucleus
Hairy cell
94
Seen in hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell
95
is an indolent disease of B cell lineage most commonly found in middle age (median age, 50 years), with a male preponderance.
hairy cell leukemia
96
hairy cell is Stained using a
cytochemical stain. (TRAP/Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase)
97
Rough lymph cell with nucleus that is grooved or convulated
Sezary cell sezar is naggo-groove after mag convulsion
98
Sezary cell Seen in ___
Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. si sezar may mycosis
99
is the most familiar form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma.
Mycosis fungoides (MF)/Sézary syndrome (SS)
100
Linear or spindle-shaped red-purple inclusions in myeloblasts and monoblasts
Auer Bodies/Rods
101
auer bodies or rods are Derivatives of ___
azurophilic granules
102
_____ are cytoplasmic inclusion which result from abnormal fusion of primary azurophilic granules.
Auer rods/bodies
103
Caused by unusual development of lysozomes.
Auer Bodies/Rods
104
auer bodies is Always classified as __
pathological
105
Red staining needle-like bodies seen in the cytoplasm of either myeloblast or monoblast
Auer Bodies/Rods
106
Dark blue to purple cytoplasmic granules in the metamyelocyte, band or in neutrophil stage.
Toxic granules
107
Characteristics of bacterial infections and are frequently seen in aplastic anemia and also in myelosclerosis
Toxic granules
108
peroxidase test result of toxic granules
positive
109
Small round or oval bodies up to 2-3 um.
Dohle-Amato Bodie
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Stain blue-gray usually seen in the periphery of the cytoplasm of neutrophils.
Dohle-Amato Bodie
111
Remnants of free ribosomes from an earlier stage of development.
Dohle-Amato Bodie
112
Mostly seen in bacterial infection, severe burns, exposure to cytotoxic agents and complicated pregnancies
Dohle-Amato Bodie
113
Found in the cytoplasm of multiple myeloma and plasma cells after therapy with amidine drug
Snapper-Scheid Bodies
114
Occurs in many time of chronic inflammation and intra-cytoplasmic spherical shape.
Snapper-Scheid Bodies
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Gamma globulins bodies in the cytoplasm of plasma cells and inflamed tissue.
Russell or Fuch’s Bodies
116
Bodies which gave a grape or berry or morula cell appearance.
russell or Fuch’s Bodies
117
Occurs in many type of chronic inflammation. Intra-cyclic spirical shape. A grape-like structure.
russell or Fuch’s Bodies
118
2 Groups of Leukocyte Disorders
1. Non-Neoplastic Disorders 2. Neoplastic and Related Disorders
119
Disorders of NUCLEUS Hypersegmented Neutrophil defect and condition
Abnormal DNA synthesis Megaloblastic anemia
120
Disorders of NUCLEUS Pelger-Huet Anomaly defect and condition
 Decreased segmentation in neutrophil  “pince-nez appearance”  True PHA or Congenital  There’s something wrong with the mutation in the Lamin B.
121
a receptor is an inner nuclear membrane - Its major role is that it plays a role in leukocyte nuclear shape change that occurs during the normal maturation.
Lamin B
122
Pelger-Huet Anomaly Known as _______ PHA
True or Congenital
123
in pelgert huet anomaly ___ WBC lineage is affected.
All
124
Parang may eyeglasses or dumbbell kasi kulang sa segmentation.
Pelger-Huet Anomaly
125
Pseudo-Pelger Huet Anomaly known as _______ PHA
acquired
126
wbc lineage affected by Pseudo-Pelger Huet Anomaly
Only neutrophil is affected.
127
Has less dense nuclei with hypogranular cytoplasm
Pseudo-Pelger Huet Anomaly
128
causes of Pseudo-Pelger Huet Anomaly Or Acquired Only neutrophil is affected. Has less dense nuclei with
 Burns  Drug reaction  Infections  MDS  CML  Acute leukemia  Chemotherapy
129
Clinically significant acquired PHA
Pseudo-Pelger Huet Anomaly
130
Accumulation of degraded mucopolysaccharides
Alder Reily Anomaly
131
Associated Conditions for Alder Reily Anomaly
 Hunter’s Syndrome  Hurler’s Syndrome
132
type of autosomal of Alder Reily Anomaly
Autosomal recessive
133
The main characteristic of this disorder is that the granulocytes is with large dark morphology that resembles heavy toxic granulation.
. ALDER-REILY ANOMALY
134
Has large peroxidase lysosomes inclusions that are deficient in enzymes for phagocytosis
Chediak Higashi Syndrome
135
condition related to Chediak Higashi Syndrome
Albinism
136
type of autosomal of chediak higashi
Autosomal recessive
137
Dohle bodies, thrombocytopenia, giant platelets and leukopenia
May Hegglin Anomaly
138
type of autosomal of May Hegglin Anomaly
Autosomal dominant
139
another Clinically significant acquired phenomena
May Hegglin Anomaly
140
Caused by the mutation in the MYH9 gene
May Hegglin Anomaly
141
Vacuolization of leukocytes
Jordan’s Anomaly
142
Peroxidase depletion in PMN and monocytes
Alius Grignashi Anomaly
143
type of autosomal of Alius Grignashi Anomaly
Autosomal recessive
144
Random movement of phagocytes is normal, but directional motility is impaired.
Job’s Syndrome
145
 Hyperimmunogl obulin E  Cells respond slowly to chemotactic factors
Job’s Syndrome
146
Both random and directed movement of cells are defective.
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
147
Recurrent mucous membrane infections
Lazy Leukocyte Syndrome
148
Intracellular killing mechanism of granulocyte is defective
Chronic Granulomatous Disease
149
Chronic Granulomatous Disease disease usually seen in what lifetime
childhood
150
 Phagocytes ingest but can’t kill catalase +  Organisms because of lack of appropriate respiratory burst  x-linked
Chronic Granulomatous Diseas
151
Asymptomatic carriers have half the normal C3 activity (heterozygous)
Congenital C3 Deficiency
152
Results in repeated infections
Congenital C3 Deficiency
153
Rare autosomal recessive trait
Congenital C3 Deficiency
154
Homozygous carriers fail to opsonize bacteria
Congenital C3 Deficiency
155
MPO is decreased or absent in PMN and monocytes
Myeloperoxidase Deficiency
156
without MPO, bacterial killing is
slowed
157
deficiency of glucocerebrosidaseenzyme
Gaucher’s Disease
158
(responsible for glycolipid metabolism
glucocerebrosidaseenzyme
159
Gaucher’s Disease affects the
bone marrow, spleen and liver
160
adult type infancy type childhood type
Gaucher’s Disease
161
macrophages are with wrinkled looking cytoplasm and with small eccentric nucleus
Gaucher’s Disease
162
Type I Gaucher’s Disease
non-neuronopathic
163
Type II Gaucher’s Disease
acute neuronopathic
164
Type III Gaucher’s Disease
sub-acute neuronopathic
165
deficiency of sphingomyelinase
Niemann-Pick Disease
166
Abnormal accumulation of sphingomyeli n and cholesterol in body cells
Niemann-Pick Disease
167
macrophage with cholesterol overload due to increase in foam cells
Schuller Christian Disease
168
condition Schuller Christian Disease is associated to
hyperlipidemia
169
Deficiency in hexosaminidase A
Tay-Sachs Disease
170
Autosomal recessive  Vacuolated lymphocytes
Tay-Sachs Disease
171
Reduced Ig production in blood
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
172
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia disease associated to
B-cell deficiency
173
Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
 inherited infantile sex- linked  usually affects males
174
Reduced production of Ig due to overactivity of T8cells
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia
175
Nezelof’s Syndrome
Underdevelopment of the thymus
176
Congenital immunodeficiency
Nezelof’s Syndrome
177
deletion of a small piece of chromosome 22
Di George’s Syndrome
178
T-cell deficiency
Di George’s Syndrome Nezelof’s Syndrome
179
B-cell deficiency
Common Variable Hypogammaglobulinemia Bruton Agammaglobulinemia
180
Loss of both T and B cells function
Swiss-Type Aggamaglobulinemia
181
 Failure of T-cell response  Only IgA and IgG are present; IgM is absent
Wiscott-Aldrich Syndrome
182
Decreased T cellproduction
Ataxia Telangiectasia
183
 Rare childhood disease  Affects the brain and other parts of the body
Ataxia Telangiectasia
184
Characterized as having progressive loss of muscular coordination
Ataxia Telangiectasia
185
186
Viral infections, especially those caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), can also cause ___
monocytopenia
187
Increase in the PERCENTAGE of circulating lymphocytes, does not necessarily reflect a true or absolute increase in lymphocytes
reactive lymphocytes
188
lymphocytes seen in non-malignant disorders, normal lymphocytes reacting to a stimulus (infection, etc).
Reactive/atypical/variant lymphocytes:
189
Corticosteroids associated
Lymphocytopenia
190
downey / Turks Irritation Cell
lymphocytopenia
191
HEMATOLOGY
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