Quiz 1

Question 1

Describe london forces

Answer 1

• weakest or three vanderwal forces
• form between molecules
• exist between all atoms and molecules
• it is the attraction of electrons and protons of different molecules

Question 2

Describe dipole diple forces

Answer 2

• stronger than londons but weaker than hydrogen bonds

- formed befween s+ and s- sides of a polar molecule

Question 3

Define electronegativity

Answer 3

The strength with which an element will attract a shared pair of of valence electrons.

Question 4

What are hydrogen bonds

Answer 4

• Strong dipole dipole forces between hydrogens and neighboring N, O, F
• very biologically important (water, proteins, DNA)

Question 5

Why is water unique

Answer 5

Water when in liquid form is heavier than when it is in solid form due to the fact that the atoms are denser. In ice, atoms form crystal lattices.

Question 6

What are the macromolecules

Answer 6

• carbs
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleic acids

Question 7

Describe hydrocarbons

Answer 7

• only carbons and hydrogen
• non polar
• non reactive
• can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 8

What is it called when hydrocarbons have singular, double, or triple bonds

Answer 8

• alkanes
• alkenes
• alkynes

Question 9

Describe functional groups

Answer 9

• the reactive cluster of atoms attached to a carbon backbone of an organic molecule.
• they are very polar or ionic
• they determine the chemical properties that molecules have

Question 10

Describe condensation reactions

Answer 10

• macromolecules are formed by this
• when two functional groups come together
• covalent bond is formed and water is given off
• this is an anabolic reaction

Question 11

Describe hydrolysis reactions

Answer 11

• macromolecules are broken down by this
• separation of two subunits
• water is used to break covalent bind between functional groups

Question 12

What do carbs do?

Answer 12

• provide structural support
• provide long term and short term energy
• provide communication between cells

Question 13

What are carbs made from?

Answer 13

Simple sugar molecules

Question 14

What are simple sugar molecules made from?

Answer 14

Hydrocarbon chain, hydroxyl groups, carbonyl group

Question 15

What does the molecules of carbs look like?

Answer 15

Linear or ring structure

Question 16

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 16

Carbs that consist of 1 simple sugar molecule

Question 17

What do monosaccharides do?

Answer 17

Provide quick energy

Question 18

What are examples of monosaccharides

Answer 18

Glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 19

Describe glucose

Answer 19

6 carbons, can be beta or alpha, or D and L, it can be linear or come in a ring

Question 20

Draw a glucose molecule in alpha and beta form, as well as D and L glucose

Answer 20

(In notes)

Question 21

Why is glucose and fructose related

Answer 21

They are structural isomers

Question 22

What are disaccharides?

Answer 22

• Made up of 2 sugars
• formed by condensation reactions between simple sugar molecules
• have glycosidic linkages

Question 23

What are examples of disaccharides?

Answer 23

Maltose( two a-D-glucose) , sucrose(a-D-glucose and a-D-fructose)

Question 24

Describe oligosaccharides

Answer 24

Made from 3-9 sugar molecules, found on plasma membrane, play a role in cell to cell communication

Question 25

Describe polysaccharides

Answer 25

- made from many simple sugar molecules | - long term energy storage and structural support

Question 26

What are examples of polysaccharides?

Answer 26

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

Question 27

Describe glycogen

Answer 27

-used in animals for energy storage, muscle and liver cells, formed from linked a-D-glucose molecules

Question 28

Describe starch

Answer 28

- used by plants for long term energy storage - formed from linked a-D glucose molecules - two different types: amylose and amylopectin

Question 29

Describe cellulose

Answer 29

- linear molecule for structural support - B 1-4 glycosidic linkages - cannot be broken down by human enzymes - long chains held together by hydrogen bonds - has alternating alpha and beta linkages

Question 30

Describe chitin

Answer 30

- used my insects and fungi for structural support - formed from linked N-acetylglucosamine molecules - B linkages cellulose with N-acetyl group

Question 31

What is the functions of lipids?

Answer 31

- long term energy storage - insulation - protection of internal organs - chemical signals - cellular membranes

Question 32

What are the structure of lipids?

Answer 32

- hydrocarbon chain | - Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl functional groups

Question 33

What types of lipids are there?

Answer 33

Triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, steriods, waxes

Question 34

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

Answer 34

Glycerol backbone and three fatty acid chains

Question 35

Describe glycerol

Answer 35

- Three carbon chain with 3 hydroxyl groups | - can form a bond with three fatty acid chains

Question 36

Describe fatty acid chains

Answer 36

Hydrocarbon chains can be long or short and unsaturated or saturated.

Question 37

What is the bond called between glycerol molecule and a fatty acid chain?

Answer 37

Ester linkage

Question 38

Describe an unsaturated fat

Answer 38

Has a bend in its chain that makes it liquid at room temp, has a double or triple bond

Question 39

Describe Saturated fats

Answer 39

Does not have double bonds, they are straight, solid at room temp but stay liquid in humans

Question 40

What does mono unsaturated mean?

Answer 40

One double bond

Question 41

What does poly unsaturated mean?

Answer 41

Has multiple double bonds

Question 42

Describe phospholopids

Answer 42

- Glycerol backbone, a polar phosphate group, a nitrogen group and two fatty acid chains - they have a head and tail

Question 43

Describe the head of a phospholipid?

Answer 43

It is hydrophilic (attracts water)