Identify 2 reasons why inclosure was introduced
-for owners of farm estates to have better control of the total area
-To increase agricultural efficiency and productivity.
How enclosure affected farm labourers
They were not allowed to use common land and were forced to compete for casual labouring work
advantages and disadvantages of enclosure for different social classes
Enclosure benefited landowners with profits and efficiency but displaced peasants, causing urban poverty.
explain how enclosure contributed to the rise of industrial cities
Enclosure forced peasants off land, increasing urban migration and fueling industrial workforce growth.
compare the impact of enclosure on wealthy land owners and poor farm workers
Wealthy landowners gained profits and efficiency, while poor farmworkers lost land and jobs
2 hazards faced my textile factory workers in the 19th century
Some children known as scavangers would collect loose peices of cotton from under machines while they were still running
Small windows and lack of ventilation made factory air hard to breathe
Explain why factory owners were reluctant to improve working conditions
Factory owners feared that improving working conditions would increase expenses, reducing their profits.
They prioritized keeping production costs low to maximize earnings.
Identify key changes introduced by the factory acts
Set age limits to prevent child labour and introduced improved working conditions such as better ventilation and machine safety
Compare the working conditions in coal mines and textile factories
Coal mines: dark and poorly ventilated tunnels, heavy lifting and crawling into small spaces high risk of accidents and lung diseases
Textile factories: lack of ventilation, hot and humid workspace, lung issues created by dust, children around dangerous machinery and long work hours
Evaluate the effectiveness of government reforms in improving factory and mine conditions
The mine and factory acts provedd shorter working hours, reduced child labour and improved safety regulations
Define child labour and explain why it was widespread during the Industrial Revolution
Child labour is the employment of children in work that is harmful to their health, development, or education. It was widespread during the Industrial Revolution because factories and mines needed cheap, easily controlled workers, and poor families relied on their income.
Descride the role of climbing boy and identify 2 risks they faced
Young boys were employed to climb into and clean the chimneys of factories. This was dangerous as large amounts of dust or soot was inhaled which caused lung diseases and made them at risk of falling or becoming stuck in the narrow chimneys
Strenghts and weaknesses of early child labour laws
Early child labour laws were a step toward protecting children by limiting working hours and banning very young workers. However, they were weakly enforced, and many employers found ways to bypass the regulations.
Compare child labour in rural and urban settings and explain why it was a bigger issue in cities
In rural areas, child labour involved farm work with family supervision, while in cities, children worked long hours in dangerous factories and mines. It was a bigger issue in cities due to harsher conditions and high demand for cheap labor.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the 19th century child labour laws in protecting children
The 19th-century child labour laws had limited effectiveness, as enforcement was weak and many employers bypassed them. Full protection came later with stronger regulations.
Identify 2 challenges faced by workers living in industrial cities
Workers in industrial cities faced overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions, with poor housing and limited access to clean water. They also dealt with health hazards from dangerous work environments and pollution.
Define urbanisation and explain how the Industrial Revolution contributed to it
Urbanisation is the increase of population and development in cities and towns. The Industrial Revolution contributed to it by creating job opportunities in factories, which attracted people from rural areas to urban centers for work.
Compare urban living setting before and after industrial reforms
Before the Industrial Revolution, urban living areas were not preferred, however new job opportunities caused many people from rural ares to move to cities, this cause overpopulation and overcrowded housing.
Discuss the atvantages and disadvantages of rapid urbanisation
Rapid urbanisation boosted economic growth and improved infrastructure, creating more jobs and better services. However, it also led to overcrowding, poor living conditions, and environmental damage.
Evaluate how efficiently goverments managed the challenges of urbanisation
Governments struggled to manage the challenges of urbanisation efficiently in the 19th century. While some reforms improved infrastructure and public health, many cities still faced overcrowding, pollution, and inadequate housing due to slow implementation and limited resources.
Analyse how enclosure, factory, conditions, child, labour, and organisation were interconnect
Enclosure pushed rural families to cities for factory work, where poor conditions and child labour were common. Factory owners organized workforces to maximize profits, exploiting children in harsh environments.
Justify the need for government intervention in industrial working conditions
Government intervention was needed to protect workers from unsafe conditions, child labour, and exploitation, ensuring fair wages, safer environments, and basic rights. Without regulation, factory owners prioritized profit over workers’ well-being.
Compare The living conditions of industrial workers and rural farm labourers
Industrial workers in cities lived in overcrowded, unsanitary conditions with poor housing and limited access to clean water. while rural farm laborers had more space but often faced harsh conditions with long hours and low pay.
Explain The long-term effects of industrialisation on British society
Industrialisation led to urbanisation, economic growth, and technological advances in Britain, but also caused overcrowding, poor working conditions, and environmental damage. These issues eventually prompted reforms and the rise of workers’ rights movements.
