1
Q
what is a curious paradox
A
is that when I accept myself exactly as I am, then I can change
2
Q
what is congruence
A
A therapist who is genuine and authentic
Therapist who is real
“what I say to you outside, matches my internal thoughts and feelings”
3
Q
what are the three core conditions needed for client growth in person centred therapy
A
- congruence
- unconditional positive regard
- accurate empathic understanding
4
Q
what is unconditional positive regard
A
Showing a non-judgemental, caring stance for someone
Accepting someone unconditionally
5
Q
what is accurate empathic understanding
A
Getting specific and getting as accurate as possible when trying to reflect back to the client
An ability to deeply grasp the subjective world of another person
- implies that the therapist will sense clients’ feelings as if they were his or her own without becoming lost in those feelings
6
Q
what is actualizing tendency
A
a directional process of striving toward realization, fulfillment, autonomy, and self-determination
7
Q
what are the Conditions needed for person centered therapy. Also known as therapeutic core conditions
A
- Two persons are in psychological contact.
- The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable or anxious.
- The second person, whom we term the therapist, is congruent (real or genuine) in the relationship, and this congruence is perceived by the client.
- The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard for the client.
- The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client’s internal frame of reference and endeavors to communicate this experience to the client.
- The communication to the client of the therapist’s empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved.
8
Q
what are maslows hierarchy of needs
A
- physiological
- safety
- love/belonging
- esteem
- self-actualizing
9
Q
what characteristics did Maslow find in self actualized people
A
He found them self-aware, striving towards honesty, caring, trust, and autonomy
10
Q
define attending
A
orienting physically to the client, offering full and undivided attention.
non-verbal communication
11
Q
what is listening/observing
A
capturing and understanding the verbal and nonverbal information communicated
12
Q
what are the two primary sources of information in person-centred therapy
A
o Content- what is specifically said. Listen for words, expressions and patterns. Clarify what was said or finding out what was not said.
What is being said with my words
Verbal communication
o Process- all non-verbal phenomena, including how content is conveyed, themes, body language, interactions
What is being said with my body language
Non verbal communication
13
Q
what are the skills associated with empathy
A
a. Nonverbal and verbal attending
b. Paraphrasing
14
Q
what is interpersonal empathy
A
pertains to understanding a client’s internal frame of reference and conveying a sense of the private meanings to the person
15
Q
what is subjective empathy
A
: enables practitioners to experience what it is like to be the client
16
Q
what is objective empathy
A
relies on knowledge sources outside of the client’s frame of references
17
Q
what are the 6 habits of empathic people
A
- Cultivate curiosity about strangers
- Challenge prejudices and discover commonalities
- Try another person’s life
- Listen hard- and open up
- Inspire mass action and social change
- Develop an ambitious imagination
18
Q
what were the core conditions that rogers found from his research
A
Rogers could transcribe his sessions and looked what he did in the process of research that impacted the outcome of research
He found that change in therapy related more to interpersonal and personal factor than it did to the specific techniques that were used
19
Q
what are the stages of change
A
- pre-contemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
20
Q
what happens in the pre-contemplation stage of change
A
denying a need for change or denying that a problem exists
21
Q
what happens in the contemplation stage of change
A
client considers that there is a problem
22
Q
what happens in the preparation stage of change
A
admitting that they have a problem and wanting to know how to change it
23
Q
what happens in the action stage of change
A
starting to change. implementing change
24
Q
what happens in the maintenance stage of change
A
maintaining that change and not reverting back to old habits
25
what are the basic principles of motivational interviewing
1. Therapist strive to experience the world from the client’s perspective without judgment or criticism (reflective listening)
2. MI is designed to evoke and explore both discrepancies and ambivalence
3. Reluctance to change is viewed as an expected part of the therapeutic process
4. Practitioners support clients’ self-efficacy, mainly by encouraging them to use their own resources to take necessary actions that can lead to success in changing
5. When clients show signs of readiness to change through decreased resistance to change and increased talk about change, a critical phase of MI begins.
26
what are the major tasks of emotion-focused therapy
o Help clients with too little emotion access their emotions
o Help clients wo experience too much emotion contain their emotions
27
what is the main goal of emotion- focused therapy
to help individual access and process emotions to construct new ways of being
28
define emotional intelligence
refining our capacity to use emotions as guides & not be slaves to them
29
what are the ways that emotions can be helpful
- Information process: processing what emotion you are exactly feeling
- Goal setting: help use figure out what we want and set goals
- Action readiness: help us become ready to take action
- Orient us in our environment: figuring out what in our environment is working for us and what in our environment is not working for us
- Information on needs and value: helps us figure out what our values are and what our needs are
30
what is sue Johnson's emotion focused therapy for couples
- Based on attachment theory in relationships we need to feel emotionally safe with our partners because they now become our primary attachment (in childhood our guardians are our primary attachment)
- So when we have to make our partners our primary attachment and so when we have conflict it can be a very scary attachment rupture which can be very scary and worried. And our instincts tell us that we need the attachment to survive
31
critiques of person centred therapy
- Some may prefer a more directive, structured treatment
- Individuals accustomed to indirect communication may not be comfortable with direct expression of empathy or creativity
- Individuals from collectivistic cultures may disagree with the emphasis on internal locus of control
- Not a standardized approach, without specific techniques
32
what is the rogerian argument approach
o This approach is when you state the problem or disagreement and then you listen to one anothers perspectives and side and then you use some of his therapeutic skills to reflect back what you think you’re hearing about the other person’s perspective and vice versa
o When people stated their own positive they were able to hear each other out and he found that people reached a consensus faster
33
what is the 1st force of psychotherapy
psychodynamic (psychoanalytic, Adlerian)
34
what is the 2nd force of psychotherapy
behavioural and cognitive- behavioural (behavioural, cognitive- behavioural, reality therapies)
35
what is the 3rd force of psychotherapy
Humanistic (existential, gestalt, person- centered)
36
what is the 4th force of psychotherapy
contextual/ systematic (feminist, family systems, multicultural)
37
what is the 5th force of psychotherapy
```
the current force we are in
o Social justice
o Transpersonal
o Integrational
o Coaching
```
38
what is the 1st wave of behaviour therapy
focus on classical conditioning and operant learning Pavlovian training and B.F. Skinners work
39
what is the 2nd wave of behaviour therapy
cognitive therapies (ex. CBT)
40
what is the 3rd wave of behaviour therapy
- focus on context:
o Themes: metacognition (thinking about your thinking), emotions, acceptance, mindfulness, relationality
o Decreased focus on symptom reduction, increased focus on wellness
41
what is a defining characteristic of behaviour therapy
is that it is based on the principles and procedures of the scientific method
o Experimentally derived principles of learning are systematically applied to help people change their maladptive behaviours
o They state goals in concrete objective terms to ensure the replication of their intervention
42
what is the key characteristic of a behaviour in behaviour therapy
is that is has to be something that can be operationally defined (can include emotions, beliefs and other internal processes but it has be operationally defined)
43
what is an antecedent
What happens before the behaviour
44
what is a behaviour
The behaviour at hand
45
what is a consequence
What is the consequence of when the behaviour occurs
46
what is the A-B-C model
antecedent, behaviour, and consequence
47
what is a behaviour assessment interview
is done so that therapist can identify the antecedents, behaviours and consequences
48
what is the general goal of behaviour therapy
to increase personal choice and to create new conditions for learning
49
what is extinction
elimination of drool after the bell if repeatedly presented without food.
when the conditioned stimulus are no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus no longer elicits the conditioned response
50
what is systematic desensitization
o You create a fear hierarchy and score which activities related to your phobia are more or less fearful out of 100 for example. Thinking about a spider might have a fear rating of 10/100 but having a spider crawl on your might be 100/100 l
o Then you slowly work through the activities until you become desensitized and the specific activity no longer elicits fear and slowly you work up the fear ladder
o Learning to engage in relaxation strategies along the way and overtime we conquer the fear
51
what is stimulus generalization
when a conditioned response is generalized and directed towards other stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus
52
what is operant extinction
Withholding reinforcement form previously reinforced response
53
what is positive reinforcement
adding something to the environment to increase behaviour ex. giving a kid chocolate chips when they are potty training
54
what is positive punishment
is adding something to the environment to decreasing behaviour Ex. you are swearing, and your parents are going to wash your mouth out with soap
55
what is negative punishment
when you remove something from the environment to decrease bahaviour ex. grounding or removing IPad rights every time the kid swears
56
what is negative reinforcement
the removal of something from the environment to increase behaviour
57
what is the black box
basically the mind
| belief that mental processes and the mind and in behaviourist model it cannot be studied
58
what is the difference between the first wave of behaviourist learning vs the second wave
the second wave started looking more into mental processes whereas the first wave completely ignored mental processes
59
what is external reinforcement
reinforcement from our environment
60
what is internal reinforcement
reinforcement from how we think about things
61
what is vicarious reinforcement
reinforcement from what we observe happened
62
what is observational learning
behaviour is learned from the environment
63
what are the stats from Bandura's bobo doll experiment
- Boys were more likely to imitate same sex models than girls
- The boys imitated more of the physically aggressive actions, both boys and girls imitated the verbal aggression
64
what is in vivo exposure
involves client exposure to actual anxiety evoking events rather than simply imagining these situations
65
what is flooding
refers to either in vivo or imaginal exposure to anxiety evoking stimuli for prolonged period of time. is intense and prolonged exposure
66
what are the limitations/ criticisms of behaviour therapy
- Behaviour therapist say that we don’t necessarily need to address out thoughts an feelings in order to bring about change. They just say we bring about change through changing our behaviours and that is sufficient
- Behaviour therapy may change behaviours but not feelings
- Behaviour therapy does not provide insight
- Behaviour therapy involves control and social influence by the therapist
67
what is existential psychotherapy
an attitude toward human suffering [that] has no manual. It asks deep questions about the nature of the human being and the nature of anxiety, despair, grief, loneliness, isolation, and anomie. It also deals centrally with the question of meaning, creativity, and love
- It is a Philosophical approach that influences a counselor’s therapeutic practice. It is not a school of therapy, theory, or clearly defined model with specific techniques
68
what is the goal of existential therapy
is to assist clients in their exploration of the existential givens of life
69
what is the I thou relationship
: I see you and respect you at the sort of that deeper level
70
what is existential analysis
emphasizes the subjective and spiritual dimensions of human existence. Created by Ludwig Binswanger
71
what is logotherapy
o Concerned with how we make meaning in our lives
o How to develop meaning in the face of tragedy
o People can take away everything you own but they cannot take away your mind. We still have choice and freedom in your own mind
- designed to help clients find meaning in life. The therapist does not tell them what the client’s particular meaning in life should be just points out that they can create meaning even in suffering
72
what are the givens of existence
o Death, freedom and responsibility, isolation, meaninglessness
73
what are the basic dimensions of the human condition according to the existential approach
1. the capacity for self-awareness
2. freedom and responsibility
3. creating one’s identity and establishing meaningful relationships with others
4. the search for meaning, purpose, values, and goals
5. anxiety as a condition of living
6. awareness of death and nonbeing
74
what is our capacity for self-awareness in the existential approach
- We sort of develop this awareness and then we realize that we have this capacity for freedom awareness that time is limited
- I need to take action in my life and pursue that and give my life meaning
- Clients need to learn that a price must be paid for increased awareness. As we become more aware, it is more difficult to go home again.
- Ignorance of our condition may have brought contentment along with a feeling of partial deadness, but as we open the doors in our world, we can expect more turmoil as well as the potential for more fulfillment
75
what is our freedom and responsibility in the existential approach
- The capacity to reflect on the meaning of our choices
- The capacity to act on the choices we make
- We have the freedom and responsibility to create our own destiny
- We can avoid making choices by using excuses and saying “well this is the life I was born into”
76
what is our striving for identity and relationship to others in the existential approach
- Wanting to be unique and centered but also wanting to have an interest in going outside of themselves by relating to others
- Creating your own personal identity
- Part of the human condition is the experience aloneness
o A sense of isolation makes us realize that we cannot depend on others, we alone must make meaning in our lives and we alone must decide how we will live
o To have solid relationships we other we must have a solid relationship with ourselves
77
what is our search for meaning in the existential approach
- Struggle for a sense of significance and purpose in life
78
what is anxiety as a condition of living in the existential approach
anxiety is a part of life
79
what is awareness of death and nonbeing in the existential approach
- Does not view death negatively but holds the awareness of death as a basic human condition gives significance to living
- Death is not a threat. It is a motivator to make us find meaning in life and appreciate the present moment
- Instead of fearing death, reflecting on the reality of death can teach us how to live fully
80
what are the goals of the existential approach
- Move toward authenticity & presence
- Face anxiety & create action based on meaning
- Reclaim your life & take responsibility
- Expand your life!
81
what is existential tradition
seeks a balance between recognizing the limits and tragic dimensions of human existence on one hand and the possibility and opportunities of human life on the other hand
82
what is inauthenticity in the existential approach
not accepting ones personal responsibility (not making choices)
83
what is freedom in the existential approach
we are responsible for our lives, actions, and for our failures to take action
84
what is existential guilt in the existential approach
: being aware of having evaded a commitment or having chosen not ot choose
o Not seen as neurotic or something that needs to be cured
o Seen as a motivator towards transformation and living authentically
85
what is authenticity guilt in the existential approach
implies that we are living by being true to our own evaluation of what is a valuable existence for ourselves; it is the courage to be who we are
86
what is one aim of existential therapy
is to help people face up to the difficulties of life with courage rather than avoiding life’s struggles
87
what is existential anxiety
is the unavoidable result of being confronted with death, freedom, choice, isolation, and meaninglessness. Occurs when we come to realize about death, freedom, responsibility, isolation, and meaningless. Depending on how we respond, normal or neurotic anxiety occurs
88
what is normal anxiety
an appropriate response to an event being faced. Accepting freedom and the responsibility for making decisions and live choices, searing for meaning and facing mortality can be frightening
89
what is neurotic anxiety
anxiety about concrete things that is out of proportion to the situation. Typically our of awareness and tends to immobilize the person
90
what is the initial phase of existential counselling
therapist assist clients in identifying and clarifying their assumptions about the world
91
what is the middle phase of existential counselling
clients are assisted in more fully examining the source and authority of their present value system. Clients become aware of what life they think it worth living
92
what is the final phase of existential counselling
focuses on helping people take what they are learning about themselves and put it into action
93
what is being congruent
what I think and feel matches what I say on the outside
94
what is the initial goal of gestalt therapy
clients expand their awareness of what they are experiencing in the present moment
95
what is holism
o We cant be separated into little parts as humans
| o We would use loose sort of our essence if we were divided out into these little parts
96
what is field theory
o It relates to understanding reality within a particular context
o The field is our environment area
o Within the field you have the figure and ground.
o Figure: what I am currently aware of, the most salient experiences that I’m attuned to
o Ground: are sort of thing that are out of my awareness in this exact moment
97
what is figure in field theory
Figure: what I am currently aware of, the most salient experiences that I’m attuned to
98
what is ground in field theory
Ground: are sort of thing that are out of my awareness in this exact moment
99
what is the figure formation process
o How do we sort of experience moment to moment?
o How do I shift my consciousness form the figure to the ground and back again?
o What else can I sort of shift through in a way in terms of what I am paying attention to
100
what is the organismic self-regulation
o Organisms need to self-regulate
| o We need something to come into our foreground that were aware of and then resolve it and then it goes back away
101
what is contact in gestalt therapy
o Interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s individuality
102
what are boundary disturbances/resistance to contact
o The defences we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully
103
what is introjection
The idea that im going to take on the beliefs of other people and the standard of other people without really critically examining if it fits for me
Taking on values from our family or friends without critically analyzing those beliefs
104
what is projection
We disown certain parts of ourselves or our thinking and we assign them to other people or we assign them to others in our environment
Ex. if I go to a part and im feeling like “oh gosh, everyones really cold and judgment” what might be happening is that I am actually anxious and intimidated and im projecting my experience onto others
105
what is retroflection
When we sort of turn back on ourselves, what were interested in doing to other people or what were interested in like our response to our environment is turned back on ourselves
Ex. self harming behaviour- when they are feeling anxious, depression, or overwhelmed with emotions will cut themselves in order to sort of release some of that pain and some of that energy
Directing the anger towards ourselves instead of addressing the environmental concerns
106
what is deflection
This process of sort of like attempting to diffuse contact, authentic contact that is too intense for the person
Ex. laughing off whatever is going on or im going to pretend I didn’t hear that hurtful comment that was said about me
Coming into contact in those moments feels too difficult or feels too intense
107
what is confluence
When we sort of blur the boundaries between ourselves and our environments
Agreeing and laughing along with your friends even though you authentically might not agree with it but you act like you do because you want to be liked and accepting
108
what is it talk
o Coming into authentic contact with that experience ex. not saying it is hard to make friends and instead of saying it is hard for me to make friends
109
what is you talk
o You talk is when you use the word you instead of talking about yourself and using I
110
what is the experiment therapeutic technique
o Getting clients to partake in experiments
| o Like making them take on the role of their mother or act out a traumatic experience
111
what is internal dialogue exercise therapeutic technique
o Exercise where we can look at sort of these splits within ourselves
o Our inner critical or we can talk about our top dog and our underdog. And maybe roleplaying between the two sides
112
what is empty chair therapeutic technique
- Different ways to do empty chair
o Assigning a different part of myself to the empty chair (ex. topdog vs underdog) and having a full conversation with that part
- Two empty chair technique
o Where we put someone else who we might have unfinished business with and speak to the person as if they are in the chair and then switch chairs and talk to the yourself as if you were the person with unfinished business
113
what is rehearsal exercise therapeutic technique
o Practicing or rehearing a conversation that you might have with someone in your life
114
what is reversal therapeutic technique
o Making someone act the opposite of how they are
| o Ex. if someone is shy you make them act outgoing
115
what is the exaggeration l therapeutic technique
o Getting people exaggerate
116
what is staying with the feeling therapeutic technique
o Getting people to really practice sitting with their feelings and not just deflecting or jumping away into something that feels more pleasant
117
what is making the rounds therapeutic technique
o Sometimes happen in group therapy where you can get clients to speak authentically in different ways to everyone around the circle
118
what is the dream work therapeutic technique
o You sort of break down what happens in the dream and each part is meant to be a projection of yourself
119
what is future projections therapeutic technique
o Anticipate a future event and then bring it into the present and then probably do some role playing around that
Psychotherapy
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