Quiz 2

Question 1

Mechanism for dealing with exogenous or endogenous injuries

Answer 1

Inflammatory process

Question 2

What are the two broad categories of the inflammation process?

Answer 2

Acute
Chronic

Question 3

What is the underlying cause in many diseases?

Answer 3

Inflammation

Question 4

What are characteristics of acute inflammation?

Answer 4

Abrupt onset
Short duration
Exudative reaction
Painfull

Question 5

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Answer 5

Redness
Heat
Edema
Pain
Loss of function

Question 6

What are characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Answer 6

Longer duration
Proliferative response
Usually not painfull

Question 7

What are the 4 phases in the inflammatory response process?

Answer 7

Initiation
Amplication
Destruction
Termination

Question 8

What phase/stage is this in the inflammatory response process?
“activated when the injury happens; changes to structure of small blood vessels; loss of fluid from blood; movement of white blood cells to area”

Answer 8

Initiation
Stages 1-5

Question 9

What phase/stage is this in the inflammatory response process?
“more and different types of white blood cells are moved to injured area with goal to phagocytize all foreign material”

Answer 9

Amplication
Stage 5

Question 10

What phase/stage is this in the inflammatory response process?
“white blood cells neutralize the area and clean up debris”

Answer 10

Destruction
Stage 6-7

Question 11

What phase/stage is this in the inflammatory response process?
“inflammatory process is inhibited or stopped”

Answer 11

Termination
Stage 8

Question 12

active during initial stages: life expectancy 6-9 hours

Answer 12

Granulocytes

Question 13

first to arrive and most active; goal is to eliminate or neutralize the initial cause

Answer 13

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN’S)

Question 14

play a role with inflammation in allergic reactions

Answer 14

Eosinophil and Basophils (contain histamine)

Question 15

more active during later stages; life expectancy several months

Answer 15

Agranulocytes

Question 16

circulate within blood until they become “fixed” then differentiate with macrophage for specific tissue

Answer 16

Monocyte

Question 17

found in lymph system; play role in immunity; primary responder in viral infection

Answer 17

Lymphocytes

Question 18

created in bone marrow; has histamine in granules in cytoplasm’s that break open in response to stimulus

Answer 18

Mast cells

Question 19

What are the “recruiters”?

Answer 19

Chemical mediators

Question 20

Direct the actions of the cells that are part of the inflammatory process

Answer 20

Chemical mediators

Question 21

responsible for dilation of blood vessels and vascular permeability

Answer 21

Histamine

Question 22

response to platelet activating factor; also increases vascular permeability

Answer 22

Serotonin

Question 23

causes aggregation of platelets

Answer 23

Platelet activating factor

Question 24

vasodilation, vascular permeability, increased feeling of pain, play a role in elevating temperature, responsible for tissue destruction in perio disease

Answer 24

Prostaglandins

Question 25

vascular permeability and bring inflammatory cells to area

Answer 25

Leukotrienes

Question 26

numerous effects on all stages of the inflammatory process; produce fever, increase need for sleep, increase adherence tissue destruction in perio disease

Answer 26

Cytokines

Question 27

“punches a hole” in cell membrane of microbes targeted for destruction

Answer 27

Complement system

Question 28

triggers other two systems; responsible for blood coagulation; blood changes from liquid to gel

Answer 28

Clotting system

Question 29

forms bradykinin which causes vasodilation, increases permeability and pain

Answer 29

Kinin system

Question 30

Fever

Answer 30

Pyrexia

Question 31

Increase in white blood cells

Answer 31

Leukocytosis

Question 32

Inflammation in lymph nodes

Answer 32

Lymphadenopathy

Question 33

What are the 4 outcomes of acute inflammation?

Answer 33

Chronic inflammation Abscess formation Resolution Healing

Question 34

Characterized by tissue destruction and unsuccessful attempts to heal

Answer 34

Chronic inflammation

Question 35

Blood poisoning

Answer 35

Septicemia

Question 36

 Occurs when pyogenic organisms are introduced to the tissues  Triggers out first responders

Answer 36

Abscess formation

Question 37

 Inflammatory process was not triggered by a traumatic injury  No tissue damage  Stimulus is neutralized, inflammation resolves

Answer 37

Resolution

Question 38

Through regeneration and repair

Answer 38

Healing

Question 39

o Body restored to before injury structure, form, and function o Stimulus initiating inflammatory response is completely removed o Injured tissue replaced with same type of tissue

Answer 39

Regeneration

Question 40

What are the two types of fibrous repair?

Answer 40

Primary & secondary intention

Question 41

Wound margins are clean and held together with structures, bandages, or pressure

Answer 41

Healing by primary intention

Question 42

* Loss of tissue is significant, and wound edges are not brought together * Healing begins at base of injury and works toward surface

Answer 42

Healing by secondary intention

Question 43

formation of new blood vessels

Answer 43

Angiogenesis

Question 44

Excessive scar formation

Answer 44

Keloid

Question 45

o Blood clot dislodged and bone surface exposed o Painful o Necrosis of bone o Granulation tissue

Answer 45

Alveolar osteitis - dry socket

Question 46

What products produced during the inflammatory process activate the immune system?

Answer 46

Cell and chemical products

Question 47

What are the goals of the immune system?

Answer 47

 Prevent foreign substances from entering body  Establish immunity or resistance to disease-producing agents

Question 48

Produces the cells

Answer 48

Bone marrow

Question 49

Educates the cells

Answer 49

Thymus

Question 50

Filters old/damaged red blood cells and initiates an immune response

Answer 50

Spleen

Question 51

Initiates an immune response, processes some cells, remove foreign substances

Answer 51

Lymphatic vessels

Question 52

Waldeyer ring

Answer 52

Oral pharyngeal area

Question 53

What are the cells of the immune system?

Answer 53

Lymphocytes Macrophages

Question 54

What are the immune system triggers?

Answer 54

Antigens Hapten

Question 55

The agent that triggers the immune response

Answer 55

Antigen

Question 56

Can only become antigenic if combined with a larger human protein from skin, blood, or other tissue

Answer 56

Hapten

Question 57

-Natural -Nonspecific immunity -Functions immediately -Requires no exposure -Goal to neutralize agent

Answer 57

Innate immunity

Question 58

-Adaptive -Specific immunity

Answer 58

Acquired immunity

Question 59

Patient becomes infected, and the body naturally produces antibodies

Answer 59

Naturally active acquired immunity

Question 60

Antibodies produced by one individual are passed to another (mother to baby)

Answer 60

Naturally passive acquired immunity

Question 61

What immunity is a vaccination?

Answer 61

Artificially active acquired immunity

Question 62

What immunity would be from an injection of antibodies?

Answer 62

Artificially passive active immunity

Question 63

What are the two interactive components of the immune response system?

Answer 63

Humoral & Cell-mediated immunity

Question 64

* Antibody-mediated * Involved B-cells

Answer 64

Humoral immunity

Question 65

o Differentiate into plasma cells and produce antibodies o Can become memory cells o Develop in bone marrow o Activated by T-helper cells

Answer 65

B-cells

Question 66

-Involves T-cells -Natural killer cells -Macrophages

Answer 66

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 67

only antibody able to cross placenta; most common

Answer 67

IgG

Question 68

largest; first produced in response to antigen; stimulates production of IgG

Answer 68

IgM

Question 69

found in secretions including breast milk

Answer 69

IgA

Question 70

recognizes antigens

Answer 70

IgD

Question 71

triggers release of histamine; causes the body to have an allergic reaction

Answer 71

IgE

Question 72

When the immune system does not function properly

Answer 72

Immunopathology

Question 73

What are the three categories for immunopathology?

Answer 73

Hypersensitivity reaction Autoimmune disease Immune deficiency disease

Question 74

o Immediate reaction to previously encountered antigen o IgE formed in response to antigen attaches to mast cells o Second contact with allergen causes release of histamine from mast cells

Answer 74

Type I reaction

Question 75

What are the two basic forms of type I reactions?

Answer 75

Systemic Atopic

Question 76

Antibodies bind to antigen bound on a cell surface causing destruction of cells and cell to malfunction

Answer 76

Type II reaction

Question 77

o Antigen/antibody complexes deposited in a particular part of the body and initiate the inflammatory response o Can be exogenous or endogenous antigens o Include some autoimmune diseases

Answer 77

Type III reaction

Question 78

o T-cell mediated, no antibodies o Response is not immediate (24-48+ hours)

Answer 78

Type IV reaction

Question 79

o Loss of ability to distinguish self from non-self o Immune system damages or destroys cells as non-self o Many remissions and exacerbations o Genetic predisposition

Answer 79

Autoimmune disorder

Question 80

o Immune system fails to function o Allows for opportunistic infections

Answer 80

Immune deficiency disorder

Question 81

What are the two categories of immune deficiency disorders?

Answer 81

Primary - Congenital Secondary - Acquired