Quiz 2

Question 1

Early plants with shoots had

Answer 1

No vascular tissue or roots

Had rhizoids

Question 2

first type of roots were

Answer 2

adventitious: arise from shoots

Question 3

2 types of roots

Answer 3

1. adventitious

2. roots from other roots

Question 4

what plants have roots from other roots

Answer 4

seed plants

Question 5

what is the first root of seed plants>

Answer 5

radicle

Question 6

seed plant roots contain

Answer 6

radicle, cotyledons, hypocotyl, and epicotyl

Question 7

what is a cotyledon

Answer 7

in seed plant–> seed leaves

Question 8

What is a hypocotyl

Answer 8

connects roots to shoots in seed plants

axis that connects cotyledons to the root

Question 9

epicotyl

Answer 9

in seed plants

• above the hypocotyl
• young shoot

Question 10

radicles die in what plants>

Answer 10

palms and grasses

Question 11

monocots have what type of roots?

Answer 11

adventitious only

Question 12

what is the function of a root

Answer 12

• water/nutrient uptake
• anchoring
• storage
• photosynthesis (some)

Question 13

Epiphytes are

Answer 13

plants that grow on other plants

• does not parasitize them
• does not root in the soil

Question 14

name the root zones

Answer 14

1. apical meristem (RAM)/zone of cell division
2. zone of elongation (growth occurs)
3. zone of differentiation (maturation where stele matures and trichomes elongate)

Question 15

What did roots evolve from?

Answer 15

rhizomes

Question 16

Root apical meristem (RAM)

Answer 16

zone of cell division-apical meristem where primary root growth occurs

• RAM is bifacial
• cells formed to outside produce root cap
• cells formed to inside produce plant body

Question 17

Root cap

Answer 17

covers and protects the root tip
protects RAM
can sense gravity: cells in columella have statoliths

Question 18

quiescent center

Answer 18

light colored cells in RAM

no division

Question 19

zone of differentiation

Answer 19

root hairs are trichomes that increase surface area for water/nutrient absorption
-only certain epidermal cells produce root hairs

Question 20

Periderm

Answer 20

• replaces epidermis
• to the inside is cork parenchyma for photosynthesis and storage
• cork is to the outside and is dead at maturity. suberin in cw
• cork cambia is replaced and new cork cambia form in older secondary phloem (light and dark bands in bark)
• lenticels

Question 21

Lenticels

Answer 21

openings in periderm for gas exchange

Question 22

primary root stele

Answer 22

no pith present in most roots

• epidermis, cortex (storage parenchyma), endodermis, pericycle, vascular cylinder
• xylem and phloem mature from outside to in
• stele can be diarch, triarch, tetrarch, pentarch, or polyarch(more than 5)

Question 23

apoplastic movement

Answer 23

water and nutrients move around the cells along the cell wall

Question 24

symplastic movement

Answer 24

water and nutrients move through the symplasm. (from one cytoplasm to another, connected by plasmodesmata)

Question 25

casparian strip

Answer 25

lignin and suberin on radial and transverse walls that prevent water in or out -forces symplastic movement of water and solutes (moves radially)

Question 26

Pericycle and 3 fx

Answer 26

- produces periderm and is located between endodermis and phloem 1. produces branch roots endogenously (arises from the inside) and laterally (side/branch) 2. made up of parts of the vascular cambium (pericycle + F.C. = new vascular cambium) 3. produces the entire cork cambium in roots

Question 27

vascular cambium

Answer 27

- cells in procambium and pericycle make periclinal divisions - inner layer of cells is v.c. - outer layer is retained as pericycle - v.c. is continuous around the primary xylem and below the primary phloem (fascicular cambium)

Question 28

Root types

Answer 28

1. tap root 2. fibrous root 3. prop roots 4. aerial roots

Question 29

tap root

Answer 29

develops from the radicle | ex: carrots, dandelions, gymnosperms. woody roots and herbaceous stems

Question 30

fibrous roots

Answer 30

- grasses - all adventitious roots and usually no tap roots - many fine roots

Question 31

prop roots

Answer 31

- produces roots from shoots - adventitious - no secondary growth - ex: corn

Question 32

aerial roots

Answer 32

- prop roots are a type of aerial root - usually exposed all the time - mangroves: pneumatophores stick out of surface of water, loaded with air canals

Question 33

some storage root

Answer 33

- woody--> parenchyma in wood | - others have a lot of parenchyma/strange secondary growth

Question 34

Respiration steps (4)

Answer 34

1. glycolysis (not aerobic) 2. Formation of Acetyl CoA (in mt) 3. Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) in mt 4. electron transport chain in mt

Question 35

ATP synthase

Answer 35

- part of ETC in inner mem - protons move passively - energy from the diffusion of protons

Question 36

FADH2 complex II and NADH complex I vs Quinone complex I and II

Answer 36

FADH2 complex II and NADH complex I have "higher" (more negative) redox potential than Quinone complex I / II

Question 37

absorption of light

Answer 37

blue and red light absorbed by chloroplasts in chlorenchyma located in mesophyll layer of cell

Question 38

Carotenoids

Answer 38

good at quenching (getting rid of energy) and produces heat

Question 39

why are chl concentrations higher in shade leaves?

Answer 39

to catch more photons because the chances of hitting shade leaves in much lower than sun leaves

Question 40

resonance transfer

Answer 40

- molecules excited and passes excitation to a near molecule - transfer from one pigment to another (chl-->e- donation) - some lost as heat

Question 41

electron donation

Answer 41

``` trap chlorophyll (trap energy) -resonance transfer stops at trap chl. loses e- then goes to ETC ```

Question 42

energy from photon is transferred to

Answer 42

-electrons

Question 43

pigments absorb certain photons

Answer 43

- can lose energy as fluorescence (de-excites) | - chlorophyll always fluoresces / absorbs red and reflects green

Question 44

adventitious roots arise from

Answer 44

shoots

Question 45

to the inside of periderm

Answer 45

often cork parenchyma that photosynthesize and storage

Question 46

periderm to the outside

Answer 46

cork cells are dead at maturity | -suberin in cw

Question 47

statoliths

Answer 47

specialized amyloplasts that signal direction of gravity | -located in the columella of the root cap

Question 48

everything in endodermis is a

Answer 48

stele

Question 49

fasicular cambium in primary root stele

Answer 49

between xylem and phloem and is part of the vascular cambium that comes from the pericycle

Question 50

pneumatophores

Answer 50

in prop roots that stick out of surface of water to aerate roots

Question 51

endodermis

Answer 51

ending point of vascular cylinder to cortex (casparian strip)

Question 52

function of endodermis

Answer 52

to prevent water loss/desiccation of the vascular cylinder