Quiz 2: Infancy Learning Module

Question 1

At what age will infants heads grow fastest?

Answer 1

During the first 4 months
(due to rapid brain growth)

Question 1

What is the average birth weight of infants?

Answer 1

3.5kg (7.5 lbs)

2.5kg - 4.5kg is considered normal

Question 2

List the different % of a babies head to body length at different ages

Answer 2

In the womb: head is 50% of total body length

At birth: head is 25% of total body length

Adults: head is 15% of total body length

Question 3

What is the poorest developed sense at birth?

Answer 3

VISION
(we can see more detail at around 2-3 months)

Question 4

What is the best developed sense at birth?

Answer 4

HEARING

At one month, babies can distinguish familiar sounds

Babies prefer human voices just after a few days and prefer mothers voice > strangers

Question 5

Newborns loose about _____oz in first 4-5 days, but regain it by _______ days old.

Answer 5

8oz

10-12

Question 6

How are measurements of babies expressed?

Answer 6

expressed as a percentile from 0 -100 that compares each baby to other babies of same age

Question 7

What type of taste do newborns tend to prefer?

Answer 7

Have sweet preferences

Question 8

What are infants sleep cycles like?

Answer 8

Half of an infants sleep is REM

Sleep starts with REM, not non-REM sleep

**They move through sleep cycle more quickly than adults

Question 9

How is touch important for babies?

Answer 9

Touch is essential to baby’s growth of physical abilities, languages, cognitive skills, and soci-emotional competency

gentle touch = positively powerful!

Question 10

How do basic motor skills develop?

Answer 10

Through REFLEXES

Question 11

What are the 4 main reflexes?

Answer 11

1. breathing reflex (needed to maintain oxygen - ex. hiccups, sneezing, etc.)
2. Maintain body temp (ex. crying or shivering)
3. Sucking reflex
4. Rooting reflex

Question 12

What is the average length of full-term babies at birth?

Answer 12

20 inches (51 cm)

46 - 56cm is normal range

Question 13

What are some benefits of breastfeeding?

Answer 13

1. High nutritional makeup of COLOSTRUM
2. Breast milk changes by 3rd or 5th day to be thinner that contains all the right things to support development
3. It’s free!

Question 14

Are women in Canada or the US more likely to breastfeed?

Answer 14

Women in CANADA are more likely to breastfeed

*Canadian health recommendation is breastfeeding till 2 years

Question 15

Breastfed and bottle-fed infants adjust _________

Answer 15

EQUALLY AS WELL (fed is best!)

Question 16

List situations where breastfeeding is not an option for women?

Answer 16

• biological mother has transmissible disease
• mother takes medication that can harm baby
• infant was born/adopted into a family with 2 fathers and no surrogate to breastfeed
• mother does not make enough breastmilk
• process simply does not work for mom or baby

Question 17

Piaget describes development in infancy as ______________

Answer 17

sensorimotor

Stage based on direct physical contact where senses and motor skills to taste, feel, hear, and move are used.

**these sensory abilities provide the foundation for cognitive skills

Question 18

How many substages in sensorimotor stage?

Answer 18

6

Question 19

Describe the 1st substage of sensorimotor stage

Answer 19

BIRTH - 1 MONTH (newborns)

• reflexes are used (sucking, grasping, orienting)

Question 20

Describe the 2nd substage of sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

1 - 4 MONTHS

• exploratory stage
• sensorimotor schemes become refined/cordinated and there’s a greater range of actions
• Primary Circular Reactions (ex. sucking thumb, habitual utterances, being a jumper - flexing legs)

Question 21

Describe the 3rd substage of sensorimotor stage

Answer 21

4 - 8 MONTHS

• Secondary Circular Reactions (ex. dropping and throwing schemes, hitting a hanging toy and noticing it moves, cooing and mom smiles)
• At this stage, infant actions are NOT INTENTIONAL and infant think that they’e separate from the rest of the world

Question 22

Describe the 4th substage of sensorimotor stage

Answer 22

8 - 12 MONTHS

• intentional behaviour!
• goal oriented behaviour
• coordinated schemes
• start to develop object permanence (not fully)

Question 23

Describe the 5th substage of sensorimotor stage

Answer 23

12 - 18 MONTHS

• Tertiary Circular Reactions (experimenting, searching, imitation)

**Solve A not B error occurs here

Question 24

Describe the 6th substage of sensorimotor stage

Answer 24

18 - 24 MONTHS - Mental representations (hold things in mind) - Solve advanced object permanence problems (ex. invisible experiment) - Make believe play - Deferred Imitation (imitation of a model that was observed in the past)

Question 25

What is object permanence?

Answer 25

the understanding that even if something is out of sight, it continues to exist **introduced during substage 4 (about 8 months), but some evidence shows that it develops much earlier (about 4 months)

Question 26

What do infants do when they're puzzled/confused

Answer 26

they look at the thing longer (how we can understand object permanence in stages)

Question 27

Piaget underestimated ___________ ability in infants

Answer 27

MEMORY

Question 28

What are infants memories like in the 1st weeks, the first 3 months, and at 9 months?

Answer 28

1st weeks: infants recognize caregivers scent, face and voice In 3 months: motor memories At 9 months: complex memories (including language)

Question 29

Why do infants not remember the memories they made when they are adults?

Answer 29

Explained due to the lack of linguistic skills in infants/toddlers that limits them to represent events mentally

Question 30

When do children start to learn about language?

Answer 30

Even before they're born!

Question 31

How is language represented in infants younger than 6 months?

Answer 31

COOING (vowel sounds - "oooo")

Question 32

How is language represented in infants between 6-9 months?

Answer 32

BABBLING (repeat certain sounds)

Question 33

How is language represented in infants at 10 months?

Answer 33

Infants can understand more than they can say (follow a convo more easily than contributing to it - much like when you're learning a second language)

Question 34

What are the 2 EMOTIONAL responses at birth?

Answer 34

1. Attraction (show attraction to pleasant situations) 2. Withdrawal (withdraw from unpleasant situations - ex. bitter flavours, physical discomfort)

Question 35

What is social smiling? When does this happen?

Answer 35

happens at 2 months where infants respond with smiles to those who engage their favorable attention

Question 36

At what age is pleasure in infants expressed as laughter?

Answer 36

3 - 5 months

Question 37

Displeasure becomes more specific to fear, sadness, anger, etc at what age in infancy?

Answer 37

6 - 8 months *some suggest they experience jealousy at 6 months

Question 38

What is co-regulation?

Answer 38

Children and parents change their reactions to others based on cues from eachother

Question 39

What does stranger wariness indicate in infants?

Answer 39

That their brain development has increased Infants now have the memory to separate the people they know and don't know

Question 40

When does seperation anxiety start and peak?

Answer 40

Starts at 7-8 months, peaks at 14 months, then decreases

Question 41

What's the difference between emotions regulatING and emotions are regulatED?

Answer 41

RegulatING: refers to changes that are elicited by activated emotions (ex. child's sadness is elicting change in parent response) RegulatED: process where the activated emotion is itself changed by the deliberate actions taken by the self (ex. self soothing, distraction, comfort from eachother)

Question 42

Caregivers who recognize emotional needs of infants tend to have children that are ___________

Answer 42

- better at emotional regulation - less fearful/fussy - easier to soothe - explore the world around them - have enhanced social skills in toddler/preschool years

Question 43

List the 5 stages of self awareness development

Answer 43

Stage 1: Differentiation (from birth) - Able to differentiate the self from non-self - Ex. infants bring themselves into contact with an object by reaching Stage 2: Situation (2 months) - infants can situate themselves in relation to a model - ex. able to imitate tongue orientation from model Stage 3: Identification (2 years) - "self awareness" starts to develop - can recognize themselves in a mirror (*rough technique) and use language to refer to themselves Stage 4: Permanence - occurs after infancy - children aware that their sense of sense continues to exist across time and space Stage 5: Self Consciousness - children can see themselves in person/how they are perceived by others - Understand social emotions (guilt, pride, shame, etc.) better