1
Q
The P3 component of auditory processing is associated with
- impaired sensory processing.
- recognized visual stimuli.
- higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli.
- early sensory processing.
A
-higher-order cognitive processing of stimuli.
2
Q
REM behavior disorder (RBD) may be reduced by drugs that
- relax the body
- prevent REM sleep
- prevent stage 3 sleep (SWS)
- reduce anxiety
A
-reduce anxiety
3
Q
Experimental evidence suggests that the biological role of REM sleep may be related to
- the consolidation of perceptual learning.
- the effort to shed bad memories.
- the processing of intense sexual excitement.
- the problem-solving activities of the brain.
A
-the consolidation of perceptual learning.
4
Q
Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of
- blocking long-term retention.
- improving long-term retention.
- undoing the learning.
- impairing retrieval of the learned material.
A
- improving long-term retention.
5
Q
The incidence of insomnia is greatest in _______ in general, and in both men and women in _______.
- women; the later stages of life
- men; the later stages of life
- women; middle age
- men; middle age
A
-women; the later stages of life
6
Q
Diminished social insight, distractibility, and emotional lability are associated with injuries to the _______ cortex.
- premotor
- orbitofrontal
- intraparietal
- dorsolateral prefrontal
A
orbitofrontal
7
Q
Which of the following is a component of an averaged-out negative ERP waveform?
- P1
- N2
- P3
- P20-50
A
- N2
8
Q
In the absence of light cues, hamsters with two copies of the tau mutation will show biological rhythms with periods
of _______ hours.
- just under 24
- about 20
- about 12
- about 8
A
- about 20
9
Q
“Where’s Waldo?” is a puzzle in which one must find the right combination of features to identify Waldo in a busy
scene. Which type of attentional process does this refer to?
- Feature search
- Conjunction search
- Binding analysis
- “Pop-out”
A
- Conjunction search
10
Q
In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during
- daytime periods of wakefulness.
- an entire night’s sleep.
- stage 3 sleep (SWS).
- sleep following periods of stress.
A
-stage 3 sleep (SWS).
11
Q
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior every six hours is called a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ rhythm.
- infradian
- ultradian
- circadian
- circannual
A
- ultradian
12
Q
Attention in which the focus coincides with the individual’s sensory orientation is called
- primary attention.
- overt attention.
- covert attention.
- arousal.
A
-overt attention.
13
Q
A diurnal animal will likely feed during the
- daytime.
- nighttime.
- period just before dusk.
- daytime and the nighttime.
A
- daytime.
14
Q
The unconscious shifts in attention that come about in response to important changes in our environment are
considered _______ processes.
- bottom-up
- top-down
- conceptual shift
- stimulus cuing
A
- bottom-up
15
Q
Children with ADHD have slightly reduced brain volume in which of following brain regions?
- Frontal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- Occipital lobe
- Parietal lobe
A
- Frontal lobe
16
Q
Which statement is about the molecular clock is false?
- The proteins Clock and Cycle bind to form a dimer.
- The Clock/Cycle dimer enhances DNA transcription of the genes for Per and Cry.
- Per and Cry inhibit the Clock/Cycle dimer.
- Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again
A
-Clock and Cycle proteins eventually break down and the 24 hour cycle begins again
17
Q
Damage to the _______ in humans produces difficulties in suppressing unwanted reorientation of the eyes toward
peripheral distracters.
- frontal eye field
- lateral intraparietal area (LIP)
- temporoparietal junction
- pulvinar
A
- frontal eye field
18
Q
Which of the following is not associated with Balint’s syndrome?
- Oculomotor apraxia
- Optic ataxia
- Hemispatial neglect
- Simultagnosia
A
- Hemispatial neglect
19
Q
Which of the following has not been identified as a biological function of sleep?
- Energy conservation
- Niche adaptation
- Restoration of brain and body
- Brain rest
A
-Brain rest
20
Q
When a hamster or a person continues to display an activity cycle without any external cues about the time of day,
the cycle is said to be
- arrhythmic.
- dysrhythmic.
- circumspect.
- free-running.
A
- free-running.
21
Q
Infant sleep is characterized by _______ sleep cycles than those of adults, with proportionally more _______ sleep.
- deeper; stage 1
- shorter; REM
- longer; stage 2
- longer; stage 3
A
- shorter; REM
22
Q
Which type of attention can be sustained over the longest period of time?
- Endogenous
- Exogenous
- Nonconscious
- Reflexive
A
- Endogenous
23
Q
A viewer presented with two videos projected onto the same screen will be aware of only one at any given moment
due to an attentional phenomenon called
- shadowing.
- inattentional blindness.
- filter failure.
- differential blindness.
A
shadowing
24
Q
One’s enhanced perception of a particular conversation in a crowded room is referred to as
- covert attention.
- overt attention.
- selective tuning.
- the cocktail party effect.
A
- the cocktail party effect.
25
You are at a train station and hear an extremely loud crash. You, and everyone else, immediately orient their
attention to the location of the sound. This is an example of _______ attention.
- endogenous
- directed
- exogenous
- warning
- exogenous
26
In a test of choice reaction time, visual information typically is processed at the level of the prefrontal cortex within
_______ ms.
- 35
- 85
- 145
- 250
- 145
27
Norepinephrine innervation to the brain comes primarily from the
- tuberomammilary nucleus.
- locus coeruleus.
- reticular formation.
- basal forebrain.
- locus coeruleus.
28
In a peripheral spatial cuing task, the phenomenon of inhibition of return is observed when the cue-to-target
interval is
- in the range of 0–100 ms.
- in the range of 100–300 ms.
- at 200 ms only.
- greater than or equal to 200 ms.
-greater than or equal to 200 ms.
29
In early-selection models of attention, perceptual analysis and semantic meaning occur
- before the attentional bottleneck.
- after the attentional bottleneck.
- after awareness.
- before sensory registration.
- after the attentional bottleneck.
30
A lesion made to the reticular formation will result in a cortical EEG pattern of
- sustained sleep.
- intense arousal.
- arousal and sleep in alternating periods.
- intense seizure activity.
- sustained sleep.
31
When focusing attention on an, for example, an image of a tree (not simply gazing at it) which part of the brain
shows enhanced activity?
- Lateral inferior pulvinar
- Intraparietal sulcus
- Lateral intraparietal area
- Intrasylvian perimeter
- Lateral intraparietal area
32
The ovarian (menstrual) cycle is a(n) ________ rhythm.
- infradian
- ultradian
- circadian
- circannual
- infradian
33
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the brain events that determine reaction time on a
choice-reaction-time test?
- Retina, LGN, V1, V2, V4, primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, prefrontal lobe, inferior temporal lobe,
spinal cord, finger muscle
-Retina, LGN, V1, V2, V4, inferior temporal lobe, premotor cortex, prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex,
spinal cord, finger muscle
- Retina, LGN, V1, V2, V4, inferior temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex,
spinal cord, finger muscle
- Retina, LGN, V1, V2, V4, primary motor cortex, inferior temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex,
spinal cord, finger muscle
- Retina, LGN, V1, V2, V4, inferior temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, primary motor cortex,
spinal cord, finger muscle
34
Slow, large-amplitude waves are seen in the EEG records of people who are in _______ sleep.
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- REM
- stage 3
35
Hillyard's classic study of auditory attention found that ERPs for attended stimuli are
- smaller in amplitude than those for nonattended stimuli.
- localized to the same side of the brain as the attended ear.
- particularly evident in the N1 component.
- difficult to detect when the attended stimuli is in a low threshold range.
- particularly evident in the N1 component.
36
Which brain region's activity is cognitively impenetrable?
- The frontal lobes
- The parietal lobes
- The cerebellum
- The cingulate cortex
- The cerebellum
37
The sudden attacks of sleep that occur in narcolepsy are characterized by
- the immediate onset of deep SWS.
- the immediate onset of REM.
- a usual pattern of SWS and REM sleep.
- the lack of REM.
- the immediate onset of REM.
38
In the _______ task, subjects are provided with a cue that predicts target location.
- symbolic cuing
- shadowing
- sustained-attention
- inattentional blindness
- sustained-attention
39
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a
- period adjuster.
- phase shift.
- zeitgeber.
- temporizer.
- zeitgeber.
40
Which hormone has been especially implicated in informing the brain about daylight?
- Melatonin
- Serotonin
- Melanopsin
- Tryptophan
Melatonin
41
In monkeys, direction of attention to particular locations regardless of stimulus modality is correlated with neural
activity in the
- frontal eye field.
- lateral intraparietal area (LIP).
- temporoparietal junction.
- pulvinar.
- lateral intraparietal area (LIP).
42
The cortical EEG pattern of the isolated forebrain animal is characterized by
- sustained SWS.
- ongoing arousal.
- alternating periods of arousal and sleep.
- intense seizure activity.
- sustained SWS.
43
Anthony is an accomplished gamer, playing all the popular video games. There is some evidence to support the
claim that upon analysis of his brain there would be
- a decrease in his visual attention capacity.
- longer-latency ERP components compared to non-gamers.
- cumulative attentional deficits as he ages.
- ongoing improvements in sustained attention tasks.
- ongoing improvements in sustained attention tasks.
44
If animals that are normally seasonal are kept in a laboratory and receive no information about changes in day
length or temperature, their circannual rhythms will
- persist, with a period of 365 days.
- become free-running.
- disappear.
- persist, but only in females
- become free-running.
45
Dreams experienced during REM sleep are characterized by
- vague visual imagery.
- a lack in intellectual content.
- realistic visual imagery.
- complicated story lines.
- realistic visual imagery.
46
One of the revealing finds of neuroeconomics is that
- humans are risk-averse.
- humans weigh risk and reward equally.
- the neural basis of human decision-making is largely impossible to access.
- feelings of regret surprisingly do not activate the amygdala.
-humans are risk-averse.
47
In an experiment with hamsters, if a light with a timer is adjusted so that the light switches on and then off 6 hours
earlier than they did originally, the animals will show
- period adjustment.
- zeitgeber.
- phase shift.
- arrhythmia.
- phase shift.
48
Which attention network is responsible for top-down control of endogenous attention?
- The dorsal frontoparietal system
- The temporoparietal system
- The ventral frontal cortical system
- The medial orbitoparietal system
- The dorsal frontoparietal system
49
Which of the following is not an example of a quale?
- Watching a campfire burn
- The pain of a headache
- The taste of wine
- The perceived redness of the evening sky
- Watching a campfire burn
50
Which circuit of the brain is active during quiet, introspective thought?
- The dorsal stream
- The ventral stream
- The temporoparietal junction
- The default mode network
- The default mode network
51
If the SCN is transplanted from animal A to animal B, animal B's rhythmicity will
- disappear.
- become abnormally short.
- match the donor's rhythm.
- become infradian
- match the donor's rhythm.
52
Which concept accounts for the fact that conjunction searches involving sequential shifts of attention take a long
time to perform?
- The binding problem
- Conjunction search theory
- “Pop-out”
- Conscious perception and selection theory
- The binding problem
53
When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are
- exactly 24 hours long.
- a little less than 24 hours long.
- a little more than 24 hours long.
- completely unpredictable.
- a little more than 24 hours long.
54
Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to
- hallucinations and disorientation.
- difficulty concentrating.
- increases in irritability.
- All of the above
- All of the above
55
Which of the following structures has been shown to be involved in filtering out or ignoring distracting stimuli
during covert attention tasks?
- Superior colliculus
- Lateral geniculate nucleus
- Pulvinar
- Intraparietal sulcus
- Pulvinar
56
ERP stands for _______ potential.
- evoked response
- event-related
- evoked-related
- event response
- event-related
57
A person credited with having “eyes in the back of their head” more probably is skilled at
- covert attention.
- overt attention.
- selective tuning.
- the cocktail party effect.
- covert attention.
58
The average reaction time in an uncomplicated choice-reaction-time test (i.e., the time it takes from the initial visual
signal until the subject pushes the choice button) is approximately _______ ms.
- 35
- 110
- 175
- 250
- 250
59
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is especially prominent during _______ of a night's sleep.
- the latter half
- the initial half
- the last complete cycle
- the first 30 minutes
-the initial half
60
Inhibition of return refers to
- the conscious inhibition of the feature search in a previously attended spatial location.
- impaired detection of stimuli at the previously attended location.
- the search for a sought-after item.
- the “popping out” into awareness of a task-irrelevant item.
-impaired detection of stimuli at the previously attended location.
61
The process by which an animal slowly shifts its circadian rhythm to synchronize with the time of sunrise each day is
called
- period adjustment.
- zeitgeber.
- phase adjustment.
- entrainment.
- entrainment.
62
Which intervention has been shown to reduce the symptoms of ADHD and improve task performance in affected
children?
- Group therapy, in which children with ADHD can talk about their diagnoses and discuss impulse control
strategies
- Allowing children to fidget and engage in more intense play behaviors
- Drug interventions that slow the central nervous system
- A combination of group therapy and drug interventions
- Allowing children to fidget and engage in more intense play behaviors
63
Destruction of the SCN _______ circadian rhythms of hormone secretion.
- disrupts
- abolishes
- does not affect
- shortens
- abolishes
64
. The primary symptom of hemispatial neglect is
- forgetfulness.
- difficulty steering visual gaze.
- distractibility, impulsivity, and hyperactivity.
- failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body.
- failure to pay any attention to objects presented to one side of the body.
65
Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by
- the periodic appearance of spindles.
- low-voltage, high-frequency scalp EEG activity.
- slow waves with a frequency of 10 Hz.
- large-amplitude delta waves.
- large-amplitude delta waves.
66
Which of the following structures guides eye movements?
- Superior colliculus
- Intraparietal sulcus
- Pulvinar
- Lateral geniculate nucleus
- Superior colliculus
67
The frontal eye field and intraparietal sulcus (IPS) make up the cortical network called the
- temporoparietal system.
- cortical attention network (CAN).
- dorsal frontoparietal system.
- medial orbitoparietal system.
- dorsal frontoparietal system.
68
In the _______ task, a single stimulus or stimulus location is held in an attentional spotlight.
- attentional blink
- perceptual load
- inhibition
- sustained-attention
- sustained-attention
69
In a person who is sleeping, _______ sleep shows periodic bursts of 12‒14 Hz brain activity in an EEG recording.
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stages 3
- REM
- stage 2
70
The cortical EEG pattern of an isolated brain animal is characterized by
- sustained sleep patterns.
- intense arousal patterns.
- alternating periods of arousal and sleep.
- intense seizure activity.
- alternating periods of arousal and sleep.
71
Nocturnal animals are usually asleep during the
- daytime.
- nighttime.
- period just before dusk.
- period just before dawn.
- daytime.
72
If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN
transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which of the following occur?
- The adult hamster will be arrhythmic.
- The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.
- The adult hamster will regain its original 24-hour rhythm.
- The adult hamster will fail to entrain to the light-dark cycle.
- The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.
73
The experience of having your attention suddenly captured by hearing your name from across the room is support
for which type of attentional selection model?
- Inattentional blindness
- Shadowing
- Early-selection
- Late-selection
- Late-selection
74
The physician's report on the effects of Phineas Gage's brain injury provided early information about the functional
role of
- the parietal cortex.
- the premotor areas.
- the frontal lobes.
- Wernicke's area.
- the frontal lobes.
75
If you recall a vivid dream as you wake up, you likely to have been in _______ sleep just before awakening.
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- REM
- REM
76
In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep.
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- REM
- stage 3
77
Because voluntary attention is under direct, conscious control, researchers refer to it as a _______ process.
- conceptual shifting
- symbolic cuing
- bottom-up
- top-down
- top-down
78
According to the theory of perceptual load, a large perceptual load
- decreases perceptual resources for unattended items.
- increases perceptual resources for unattended items.
- decreases problem-solving capacities.
- increases problem-solving capacities.
- decreases perceptual resources for unattended items.
79
The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive “third eye” because
- it feeds light information to the eye.
- the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin.
- it secretes the hormone melatonin, which is - it is the only unilateral structure in the brain.
- the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin.
80
Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep.
- stage 1
- stage 3
- REM
- Both a and b
- REM
81
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last
REM period may last
- less than a few seconds.
- less than 1 minute.
- up to 15 minutes.
- up to 40 minutes.
- up to 40 minutes.
82
In one variant of a shadowing task, subjects are presented simultaneously with different stimuli to each ear and
asked to focus their attention only on one ear. The result is that subjects are unable to report much about the
content in the unattended ear. Which form of attentional processing accounts for this difficulty?
- Early selection
- Late selection
- Attentional spotlight
- Attentional blindness
1
83
Which of the following symptoms is not commonly seen in frontal lobe damage?
- Impairments in executive function
- Task perseveration
- Hyperactivity
1
84
People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except
- frequent awakenings.
- snoring.
- an abundance of REM sleep.
- low oxygen levels during sleep
- an abundance of REM sleep.
85
Metacognition is found in all of the following species except
- humans.
- elephants.
- nonhuman primates.
- dolphins.
- elephants.
86
Research has shown that in the forebrain system, SWS is promoted through the actions of GABA on the _______,
while in the brainstem system, the _______ projects axons to the brain, promoting wakefulness.
- tuberomammillary nucleus; locus coeruleus
- tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
- locus coeruleus; coeruleus
- locus coeruleus; reticular formation
- tuberomammillary nucleus; reticular formation
87
The isolated forebrain preparation involves a cut through the
- spinal cord.
- medulla.
- midbrain.
- thalamus.
- midbrain.
88
The phenomenon of “pop out” refers to
- the increased allocation of attention to three-dimensional, as opposed to two-dimensional, stimuli, as in
pop-up books or 3-D cinema.
- the perception of unusually vivid images in the course of daydreaming.
- the unexpected perception of a sought-after item that suddenly “pops out” in the visual attention field.
- the distinguishing feature of a sought-after item that makes it sufficiently different from all distracters.
- the distinguishing feature of a sought-after item that makes it sufficiently different from all distracters.
89
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called
a(n) _______ rhythm.
- infradian
- ultradian
- circadian
- circannual
- circadian
90
The stimulus (usually the light-dark cycle) that entrains circadian rhythms is called a(n)
- oscillating cycle.
- phase marker.
- zeitgeber.
- biological rhythm.
- zeitgeber.
91
Nightmares are associated with ______ sleep.
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- REM
- REM
92
Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate
- SWS.
- REM sleep.
- awakening.
- delta waves.
- awakening.
93
Directed attention toward novel or unexpected stimuli is controlled by which cortical system?
- The dorsal frontoparietal system
- The temporoparietal system
- The ventral frontal cortical system
- The medial orbitoparietal system
- The temporoparietal system
94
The _______ system is responsible for promoting REM sleep.
- pontine
- forebrain
- brainstem
- hypothalamic
- pontine
95
A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity,
such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It
is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep.
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3
- REM
- stage 3
96
Studies involving transections at different levels of an animal's nervous system have suggested that REM sleep
- occurs only if the cut is caudal to the pons.
- is abolished by transection at any level.
- occurs only if the cut is rostral to the pons.
- occurs in whichever part of the transected brain contains the pons
- occurs in whichever part of the transected brain contains the pons
97
A woman has just celebrated her 100th birthday. Which of the following about her sleep is mostly likely to be true?
- She still enjoys sleeping in until 9 AM most days.
- Long periods of REM sleep in her usual sleep cycle.
- An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.
- She routinely has a problem with falling asleep, but once asleep she stays asleep until morning.
- An EEG of her brain would reveal the complete absence of stage 3 sleep.
98
Which cue will typically elicit the fastest reaction time to the target in the symbolic cuing task?
- Invalid
- Neutral
- Valid
- Colorful
- Valid
