Reproduction Physiology > Quiz 4 Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Lecture Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Stages in the formation of a follicle

A
  • primordial follicle
  • primary follicle
  • secondary follicle
  • tertiary follicle
  • Graafian follicle
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2
Q

antral follicles

A
  • tertiary follicle
  • graafian follicle
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3
Q

primordial follicle

A

1 layer of granulosa cells, flat cells

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4
Q

primary follicle

A

1 layer of granulosa cells, cuboidal

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5
Q

secondary follicle

A

2+ layers of granulosa cells, cuboidal shape, theca cells start to form

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6
Q

tertiary follicle

A

antrum starts to form, increase in size, 2 types of theca cells begin to make layers

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7
Q

graafian follicle

A

antrum is large, cumulus oophorus, theca layers

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8
Q

gonadotropin independent stages of folliculogenesis

A
  • primordial
  • primary
  • secondary
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9
Q

gonadotropin dependent stages of folliculogenesis

A
  • tertiary
  • graafian follicle
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10
Q

Primordial Follicle Formation

A
  • notch signaling
  • Nobox
  • Figla
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11
Q

Primordial to Primary Follicle Transition

A
  • Fox12
  • Nobox
  • Sphlh 1 and 2
  • Lhx8
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12
Q

Primary to Secondary Follicle Transition

A
  • GDF9 (growth differentiation factor 9) !!!
  • kit 1
  • kit (receptor)
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13
Q

Secondary to Antral Follicle Transition

A
  • FSH and FSH receptor !!! (gonadotropin dependent)
  • Inha
  • Igf1
  • Ccnd2
  • Foxol/3
  • Smad3
  • Taf46
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14
Q

Antral (teriary) to Preovulatory (graffian) Follicle Transition

A
  • esr 1 and 2 !! (estradiol receptor)
  • acvr2a
  • gja4 (gap junction protein)
  • connexins (gap junction protein)
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15
Q

follicular / oocyte communication

A

gap junctions are formed through the zona pellucida so that the cytoplasm can move nutrient between the granulosa and the oocyte

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16
Q

what is an example of something that travels through the gap junctions for follicular / oocyte communication?

A

GDF9 is secreted from the oocyte to add more layer of granulosa cells, must go through gap junctions

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17
Q

bidirectional communication of the cumulus cells and oocyte

A

gap junctions and paracrine communication

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18
Q

bidirectional communication: cumulus cells to oocyte

A
  • kit - ligand
  • FF-MAS
  • EGF
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19
Q

bidirectional communication: gap junctional

A
  • cAMP
  • metabolites
  • amino acids
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20
Q

bidirectional communication: oocyte to cumulus cells

A

GDF9

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21
Q

GDF9

A

secreted by the oocyte, required for follicular development past primary stage

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22
Q

Role of the oocyte in follicle growth

A
  • secretes GDF9
  • affects granulosa cell differentiation
  • affects energy and metabolic function of granulosa cells
  • can increase follicle cell growth and division
  • produces proteins to form zona pellucida
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23
Q

follicle development: dogma

A

around the time of birth, the female is equipped with the number of germ cells for the rest of her life

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24
Q

menopause

A

no longer has oocytes to ovulate

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25
why is there a big drop in the number of gametes after puberty?
females have a limited number of gametes, after puberty, follicles will begin to either ovulate or degenerate
26
atresia
programmed cell death
27
briefly explain the two-cell, two-gonadotropin model
the hypothalamus produces GnRH which tell the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH, LH stimulates theca cells to make testosterone and FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to make testosterone into estrogen, the high estrogen and LH surge cause ovulation, estrogen has negative or positive feedback on the hypothalamus and negative feedback on the pituitary with inhibin
28
gonadotropin independent
initial development, no gonadotropins
29
gonadotropin responsive
follicles can respond to gonadotropins but gonadotropin stimulus is not required for follicle growth
30
gonadotropin dependent
follicles have been stimulated to grow towards ovulation, (recruited, selected, dominant), post puberty, if gonadotropin is removed it will result in atresia
31
two stages of follicular recruitment
1. initial recruitment 2. cyclic recruitment
32
initial recruitment
primordial follicular pool recruited into the pool of growing follicles in a continuous manner (gonadotropin independent) recruitment for follicles to GROW
33
cyclic recruitment
astral follicles are recruited to grow towards ovulation during a specific estrous cycle (gonadotropin dependent) grow to potentially OVULATE
34
Follicular Wave 1
- recruitment, selection, dominance, atresia - mature CL is present, makes progesterone which will have a negative feedback on LH so the follicle will degenerate
35
the hormone of ovulation
LH
36
LH functions
- ovulation - CL formation
37
Follicular Wave 2
- recruitment, selection, dominance, ovulation - no CL, high levels of LH
38
follicular recruitment
follicles begin to grow
39
follicular selection
3-4 follicles chosen, the best
40
follicular dominance
one follicle is chosen
41
__________ inhibits FSH through negative feedback
estrogen
42
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
43
LH
luteinizing hormone
44
when FSH reaches its peak in the cell, what will occur? Why does FSH start to decrease after this?
- follicle wave will start - follicles begin to produce estrogen which inhibits FSH
45
endocrine explanation: recruitment
- entry into gonadotropin sensitive pool - FSH needed to recruit follicles - estrogen must be low - LH low
46
endocrine explanation: selection
- follicles are selected, ovulatory follicles emerge - estrogen increases - FSH levels begin to decrease - LH begins to increase
47
endocrine explanation: dominance
- final growth of ovulatory follicles and inhibition of others - develop LH receptor - rely on LH (NOT FSH)
48
2 fates of recruitment
1. selected for continued growth 2. atresia
49
2 fates of dominance
- ovulation (low progesterone) - atresia (high progesterone)
50
3 steps of oogenesis
1. primordial germ cell (mitosis) 2. oogonia (meiosis) 3. oocyte (goes into arrest around birth)
51
meiotic arrest | when does it occur? what must be maintained?
- around birth, until it is chosen to be a dominant follicle - maintaining a high level of cAMP
52
3 ways the cell maintains cAMP during meiotic arrest
1. cAMP production inside the oocyte 2. cAMP comes from the granulosa cells 3. cGMP from granulosa cell inhibits phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE)
53
ovulation
product of a follicle that continues growing, meiosis must be complete, and oocyte is mature
54
how does a surge of LH cause ovulation to occur?
surge of LH inhibits the oocytes connection to the cumulus cell, this prevents cAMP and cGMP so that the follicle is no longer under arrest so it can finish maturing
55
oocyte meiotic maturation
chromosomes are divided in the cell, one part remains in the egg the other creates a polar body
56
polar body
half of the original DNA from the oocyte, no longer a part of the oocyte
57
metaphase 2 arrest
after the polar body is created the cell is in arrest until fertilization, it is broken by a calcium rise initiated by the fertilizing sperm (if it is not fertilized it will degenerate)
58
Mammalian Ovulation Theories
1. Pressure Theory 2. Smooth Muscle Contaction 3. Thinning of the Follicular Wall
59
Mammalian Ovulation Theories: pressure theory
pressure inside (and outside the cell, blood pressure) increases as it grows and will eventually erupt
60
Mammalian Ovulation Theories: smooth muscle contraction
the follicle is surrounded by smooth muscle, when it contracts in assists the follicle in ovulation
61
Mammalian Ovulation Theories: thinning of the follicular walls
enzymes (collagenase) eat at the wall, thinning it, the thinner the wall the easier it is for ovulation to occur
62
important regulators in ovulation
- LH and LH receptor !! - prostoglandins - progesterone - epidermal growth factor (EGF) - oocyte
Reproduction Physiology
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