Nanomaterials > Quiz1 > Flashcards

Quiz1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Use for nano materials (14st)

A
  • Photovoltaic materials (Solar cells)
  • Hydrogen production, conversion, storage and use
  • Catalysis for cleaning of automotive and industry emissions
  • Electrocatalysis, e.g. fuel cells
  • Batteries
  • Catalysis for reduced energy consumption in industrial processes
  • Sensors for improved energy efficiency in industrial processes
  • Smart windows and isolation materials for energy-efficient buildings
  • Efficient lighting solutions (white LEDs)
  • Superstrength nanomaterials
  • Thermoelectric structures and materials
  • Water cleaning
  • Gasification/liquefaction of coal and biomass
  • CO2 fixation
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2
Q

Sustainability

A

optimizing in the long run:
“Sustainable Development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

fick sin internationella spridning i samband med FN-rapporten “Vår gemensamma framtid” (1987), kallad Brundtlandrapporten. (Gro Brundtland)

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3
Q

Size of 1 nm

A

10^-9 m

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4
Q

What is “real” nano technology

A

Building from bottom and up, atom by atom

Envisioned by Richard P. Feynman 1959

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5
Q

N2 fundamental concepts (3st)

A
  • Large or small, materials properties perspective
  • Simple to complex, unit perspective
  • Nanotechnology, a long term view
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6
Q

Colloidal Lithography

A 
material + coating
a) particles
b) gold coating
c) remove particles
d) hole between the gold
e) add more gold
f) remove the first gold+coating
g) hole between gold again
h) remove the last gold
there are now nano-pilars exactly where the particles where to begin with.
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7
Q

Top 10 challanges facing humanity:

A
  1. (Mis)information, AI
  2. Energy
  3. Environment
  4. Food and Water
  5. Economic Disparity
  6. Conflicts
  7. Health
  8. Education
  9. Democracy and Rights
  10. Population
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8
Q

Peak oil chrash mat:

A

Nano science must be prepared to meet the needs after peak oil.

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9
Q

Energy:

A

Strictly conserved
dE = work
Arebete = kraft*sträcka

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10
Q

Fundamental energy forces of physics: (4st)

A
  • GRAVITY
  • ELECTROMAGNETIZM
  • WEAK INTERACTION (or Weak Nuclear Force)
  • STRONG INTERACTION (or Strong Nuclear Force)
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11
Q

Energy formulas:

A 
ΔE = W + Q
ΔE = W + Q + E
Ep = mgh
Ek=1/2mv^2
Ep + Ek = Etotal

E = mc^2

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12
Q

Units of energy

A 
J
kg*m2/s-2
N*m
C*V
1 calorie (cal) = 4.184 J
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13
Q

How much is 1 kWh?

A 
• 100 ml of oil 
• (~ 900 kcal)
• move a small car(1200 kg), to the top
of the Eiffel Tower (321 meters)
• 2 days work
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14
Q

1 donat is how many laptop batteries

A

10 laptop batteries à 45Wh = 450 Wh

1 donat
= 400 kilocalories
= 1.7 megajoules
= 460 watt hours

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15
Q

Human daily energy consumption:

A

2400cal ca = 100W

The brain takes 20% = 20W

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16
Q

Moore’s law

A

Doubles every 18 months

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17
Q

London horse to car:

A

1900 to 1913

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18
Q

Pre nano-technology

A

Surface science

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19
Q

Gibbs free energy:

A

dG ≡ −SdT +VdP +γdA

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20
Q

Surface vs Bulk energy

A

Surface: More energy, less tightly bound
Bulk: Less energy, more tightly bound

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21
Q

Surface area:

A
  • The surface area decreases for rounder shapes.

* The surface-area-to-volume ratio decreases with increasing volume.

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22
Q

Thin films may be:

A
  • Lower in density (compared to bulk material)
  • With different defect structure compared to bulk
  • Strongly affected by surface and interface effects
  • Under stress
  • Ultra thin films (< 10-20 nm): quasi 2D materials
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23
Q

Steps in thin film growth:

A
  • Separation of particles from the source
  • (heating, high voltage, sputtering)
  • Transport
  • Condensation (deposition) on substrate
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24
Q

Skillnad mellan droppe och tunn film:

Study These Flashcards
A

Stor droppe:
Diameter större än träffyta

Liten droppe:
Diameter typ samma som träffyta

Tunn film
Diameter mindre än träffyta
Mycket yta och lite bulk

25
The three different growth modes:
1. Island growth (Volmer – Weber) 2. Layer-by-layer growth (Frank – van der Merwe) 3. Stranski – Krastanov (mixed growth)
26
Defects in film:
* 0D or point defects * 1D or line defects (dislocations) * 2D and 3D (grain boundaries, crystal twins, twists, stacking faults, voids)
27
"Lutande bägare" formel:
gamma=dW/dA
28
Vapor deposition: (3st)
1. Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) 2. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 3. Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
29
Biomimetics
application of methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology Nature often have the solutions, but not always!
30
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Lotus flower A hydrophobic material becomes more hydrophobic if you make the surface uneaven on nano level. Less surface to conect to on top. Large contact angles A hydrophilic material becomes more hydrophilic though. Goes down into the spaces in between (?)
31
Contact angle: Young equation
cos theta = vinkel för ytan (180) | / vinkel mellan droppe och yta
32
Nanofabrication
“Nanofabrication is the design and manufacture of objects with dimensions measured in nanometers”
33
Top down methods:
* Lithography (VIS, UV, e-beam, ion beam) * Scanning probe – based manipulations * Nano-imprint/soft lithography
34
Bottom up methods:
* Chemical vapor growth * Self assembly: colloidal chemistry The steps: • Identify (choose) the repeating block (precursor) • Identify (recognize) the governing interaction • Apply active control (mass and energy supply)
35
Different Lithography
Top down * Visible-light * UV * e-beam
36
The Abbe diffraction limit:
d = lambda / 2(n sin theta)
37
Etching:
Top down Refers to the removal of material by bombardment of ions
38
Sputtering:
bombardment of the target by energetic particles.
39
GC vs HOPG
GC: • Isotropic • Big round holes HOPG: • Anisotropic • Shallow "half hexagon" holes
40
Characterisation: (4st)
* Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) * Scanning Tunneling microscopy (STM) * Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) * Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
41
Carbon particles of different dimentions:
0D: Fullurene, bucky ball 1D: Nano-tube 2D: graphene 3D: Graphite and Dimond etc
42
C-nanofabrication:
• Nano pattering of bulk materials • Growth of nanocarbons (Fullerenes, Nanotubes, Graphene)
43
Examples of nanoC Applications:
* Composite materials * Electrodes * Sensors and Electronics
44
Dimonds:
* Optics * Transparency * Hardnes (strong 3D bond)
45
Graphite:
* Week bond between layers * Very strong bond i 2D * Copletely black (not transparent, and low reflectivenes, anisotropy)
46
Buckminster fullurene:
* Football * Organic solar cells * Grows longer with more atoms
47
Nanotube:
* Diameter 1.3nm! | * Root or top growth
48
Graphene:
* Highest conductivity * Zig-zag edge or armchair edge * metallic or semi conduct * Hamburger structure or Swiss roll * Tubes within tubes
49
Super black material:
* Solar tech | * Stelth tech
50
Due to the high intercrystalline volume fraction:
``` unique: • mechanical • magnetic • electrical • corrosive properties. ```
51
Preparation routes:
* Mechanical alloying * Gas-condensation * Rapid solidification * Sol gel process * Electroplating * Severe plastic deformation * Field assisted sintering
52
I-lines and U-lines
I-lines share nodes, stable | U-lines are lines that does not share nodes, not as stable
53
10nm
Amount of intercrystaline (grain surface) and crystaline (grain interior) meet
54
Thermal Stability:
Grain growth occurs when the impurity/solute grain boundary concentration is reduced after precipitation sets in.
55
Coincidence Site Lattice (CSL)
SUM eq or less than 29: | special properties like low energy
56
Grain Boundary Engineering
Increased corrosion resistance at special grain boundaries and I-lines.
57
Intergranular Crack Arrest
(a) Conventional crystalline material (b) Nanocrystalline coating (c) Grain-shape modified coating
58
Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials
• Soft magnetic materials – easy to magnetize and demagnetize – high initial permeability µ (slope of B-H cuve) – low coercivity ``` • Hard magnetic materials – hard to magnetize and demagnetize – very large remanence – can be made into permanent magnets – high coercivity (pinning of domain walls) ```
59
Coatings
• APS, EB-PVD, SPS • Thermal spray - Gas turbines, aero-engine parts • Cutting tools
Nanomaterials
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