1
Q
Appian, Civil Wars 2.119 [1]
A
Caesar’s murderers cried they slew a “king and tyrant” and bore a “cap [pileus] on the end of a spear as a symbol of freedom.”
2
Q
Appian, Civil Wars 2.119 [2]
A
Murderers distrusted the plebeians, Caesar’s soldiers, and Antony/Lepidus.
3
Q
Appian, Civil Wars 2.143 [3]
A
Caesar’s will adopted Octavian; gave 75 drachmas per citizen and gardens to the people.
4
Q
Appian, Civil Wars 2.146-147 [4]
A
Antony showed Caesar’s robe pierced with 23 wounds; people burned the Senate house.
5
Q
Octavian’s Early Life [5]
A
Great-nephew of Caesar; adopted by will in 44 BCE at age 19 (taking the name “Caesar”).
6
Q
Cicero, To Atticus 16.9 [6]
A
Cicero feared the “youth’s plan” but noted he was paying men at Capua and had forces.
7
Q
Plutarch, Life of Cicero 45.3 [7]
A
After Mutina, the Senate feared young Caesar’s “brilliant good fortune” and tried to recall his troops.
8
Q
Augustus, Res Gestae 1 [8]
A
At age nineteen, I successfully championed the “liberty of the republic” (at my own expense).
9
Q
Second Triumvirate (43 BCE) [9]
A
Formed by law; triumvirs held consular powers for 5 years; priority was to pursue assassins.
10
Q
Appian, Civil Wars 4.6 [10]
A
Proscriptions condemned hundreds; rewards (money/freedom) were offered for bringing heads of victims.
11
Q
Plutarch, Life of Cicero 49.1 [10]
A
Antony ordered Cicero’s head and hands (which wrote the Philippics) placed on the Rostra.
12
Q
Liberators’ War Outcome [10]
A
Julius Caesar was deified (42 BCE); Brutus and Cassius were defeated and committed suicide at Philippi.
13
Q
Appian, Civil Wars 5.12-18 [11]
A
Rome suffered famine due to uncultivated land and sea supplies blocked by Sextus Pompey.
14
Q
Plutarch, Life of Antony 27.2 [12]
A
Cleopatra’s “irresistible charm” and stimulating conversation were more powerful than her physical beauty.
15
Q
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 17 [13]
A
Octavian exposed Antony’s will (naming children by Cleopatra as heirs) to show his un-Roman conduct.
16
Q
ILGR 158 (Actium Dedication) [14, 15]
A
Octavian dedicated his camp (adorned with spoils) to Mars and Neptune after achieving “peace on land and sea (pace parta terra marique)”.
17
Q
Augustus, Res Gestae 25.2 [16]
A
All Italy swore allegiance to me and demanded me as leader in the war I won at Actium.
18
Q
Cassius Dio 51.17.1 [17]
A
Octavian made Egypt an enslaved province; no senator could live there without his explicit permission.
19
Q
Silver Denarius (28 BCE) [17]
A
Coin inscribed AEGVPTO CAPTA (Egypt Captured), used as propaganda for the annexation.
20
Q
Tacitus, Annals 1.1 [18]
A
Augustus gathered beneath his empire a “world outworn by civil broils” (under the title of princeps).
21
Q
Appian, Roman History pref. 6 [19]
A
Augustus strengthened his sovereignty, preserving the republic’s name, but was essentially a monarch (basileus).
22
Q
Augustus, Res Gestae 34 [20]
A
I transferred the republic from my control to the will of the Senate (27 BCE).
23
Q
Augustus, Res Gestae 34 [21]
A
I took precedence in rank (dignitas), but had no more power (potestas) than my colleagues.
24
Q
First Settlement (27 BCE) [22]
A
Octavian became Augustus; received key provinces (Spain, Gaul, Syria, Egypt) for ten years.
25
Second Settlement (23 BCE) [22]
Augustus gave up the consulship for **tribunicia potestas for life** and **imperium proconsulare maius**.
26
Tacitus, Annals 1.2 [23]
Augustus conciliated the army with gratuities, the populace with cheapened corn, and the world with the **"amenities of peace."**
27
Gold Coin (28/7 BCE) [24]
Inscribed: **LEGES ET IVRA P. R. RESTITVIT** (Restored the laws and rights of the Roman people).
28
Cicero, Pro Marcello 23.8 [24]
Reflects need for moral reform: Licentiousness must be checked, and the **growth of population fostered**.
29
Augustus, Res Gestae 6 [25]
Refused the title **"overseer of laws and morals"** (curator legum et morum), executing duties via **tribunician power**.
30
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 34 [26]
Augustus revised laws on **adultery and marriage** but had to remove penalties due to public protest.
31
Marriage Law (Lex Iulia) [27]
Obliged citizens to marry for legitimate offspring; penalized the **unmarried and childless** (unable to inherit property).
32
Adultery Law (Lex Iulia) [28]
Criminalized extramarital sex; penalty was **relegation to an island** and property confiscation.
33
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 65 [29]
Augustus **banished his daughter and granddaughter, both Julias**, for vice, setting a harsh example.
34
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 40 [30]
Augustus strictly enforced wearing the **toga** in the Forum to promote **Romanitas** and discourage foreign contamination.
35
Augustus, Res Gestae 20-21 [31]
Rebuilt **eighty-two temples** and consecrated offerings from war spoils (costing ~100 million sesterces).
36
Augustus, Res Gestae 35 [32]
In 2 BCE, received the title **"Father of the Fatherland" (pater patriae)** from the Senate, equestrian order, and people.
37
Strabo 5.3.7 [33]
Augustus limited public building height to **70 feet** and formed a freedmen militia for **fire protection**.
38
Juvenal, Satires 3.190-192 [34]
Referencing tall, shoddy **insulae**: In Rome, residents **"sleep in a building on the point of collapse."**
39
Definition of Insula [35]
A **multi-occupancy tenement block** rented out to the poor (insularii), distinct from the **domus**.
40
Roman City Population [36]
Estimated at **600,000–1,000,000**; evidenced by attestations of **46,602 insulae** and grain dole numbers (up to 320,000 recipients).
41
Pons Fabricius (62 BC) [37, 38]
A surviving **Republican bridge** providing access to the Tiber Island.
42
Tacitus, Annals 4.67 [39]
Tiberius chose the **solitude** of Villa Iovis on Capri for **"hidden vice and flagitious leisure."**
43
Pliny, Letters 2.17 [40, 41]
Pliny's Laurentinian Villa dining room was **"lightly washed by the spray"**; rooms for freedmen/slaves were "quite presentable."
44
Villa Rustica (Boscoreale) [42]
A working farm containing a hoard of **1,100 aurei** (gold coins), equaling 122 years of a legionary’s pay.
45
Caelius Cenotaph [43]
Epitaph of M. Caelius, a centurion who **"fell in the Varian War"** (Teutoburg Forest disaster, 9 CE).
46
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 23 [44]
After the Varian disaster, Augustus would shout: **"Quintilius Varus, give me back my legions!"**
47
Denarius of Brutus (43–42 BCE) [2]
Coin reverse features **EID MAR** (Ides of March), a **cap of liberty (pileus)** between **two daggers**.
48
Nicopolis Inscription (ILGR 158) [14]
Octavian dedicated his camp to **Mars and Neptune** after achieving **"peace on land and sea"** (pace parta terra marique).
49
Augustan Coins (Military Sites) [45]
Military forts show a **constant influx of base metal coins**; military reliance led to **halving of asses** for small change.
50
Polybius 6.11.11–12
The constitution seemed **monarchical** (Consuls), **aristocratic** (Senate), and **democracy** (masses).
51
Cursus Honorum Flowchart
The **Consul** (Min Age: 42) co-ruled; **Quaestor** (Min Age: 30) managed Treasury; **Censor** supervised Census and **"Public Morality."**
52
Curule Chair (Image/List)
Folding chair (**sella curulis**) used by magistrates who held **imperium** (Dictators, Consuls, Praetors) and by Censors and some priests.
53
Lex Cornelia/Lex Acilia (CIL I2, 587/583)
Legal fragments detailing voting procedures, showing which **tribe voted first** (**principium fuit**), influencing the assembly outcome.
54
Comitia Centuriata (Assembly)
Originally military-based, met in the Campus Martius, and was **weighted towards the wealthier classes** (193 voting blocs based on wealth).
55
Concilium Plebis (Assembly)
A civilian body that voted by tribes (based on location, **not wealth**), elected the **Tribunes of the Plebs**, and passed decrees (**plebiscita**).
56
Virgil, Aeneid 1.1-7
Opening lines: I sing of arms and the man, who... first came from Troy to Italy, and to Lavinian shores... until he **founded a city [dum conderet urbem]**.
57
Homer, Iliad 20.306–308 (Poseidon)
Prophecy that Aeneas will be the survivor and his line will rule: **"the might of Aineias shall be lord over the Trojans, and his sons’ sons..."**
58
Virgil, Aeneid 3.96-8 (Apollo)
Apollo identifies Italy as the Trojans' **"ancient mother"**: There the house of Aeneas shall rule all shores, his children’s children...
59
Servius (4th cent. AD)
The *Aeneid* is divided: **first six books like the Odyssey** (variety); **second six books like the Iliad** (action).
60
Virgil, Aeneid 12.945-52
Aeneas, **blazing with fury**, notices Pallas' sword-belt, cries **'Pallas it is, Pallas, who sacrifices you,'** and kills Turnus.
61
Virgil, Aeneid 1.257-96, 6.756-859, 8 passim
The *Aeneid* constantly connects the heroic past to the **Augustan present/future** through prophecies, the parade of future heroes (Underworld), and the Shield of Aeneas.
62
Virgil, Aeneid 8.630-635
The Shield of Aeneas depicts the **she-wolf... lying on the ground** with the twin brothers, **Romulus and Remus, fearlessly sucking**.
63
Virgil, Aeneid 8.649-650 (Porsenna)
Shield shows early Republican heroism: **Cocles dared to tear down the bridge**, and **Cloelia broke her restraints and swam the river**.
64
Virgil, Aeneid 8.675–687 (Actium)
Shield center depicts the **Battle of Actium**; **Augustus Caesar** leads the Italians, while **Antony** brings **Egypt** and his consort (the shame).
65
Virgil, Aeneid 8.690–713 (Actium)
**Apollo of Actium** sees from above and bends his bow; Egypt and allies flee; the **queen herself... is pallid with the coming of death**.
66
Virgil, Aeneid 8.714-727 (Triumph)
Augustus, entering Rome in **triple triumph** (29 BC), dedicates his offering and **three hundred shrines**; the **conquered peoples walk past**.
67
Marble Replica of Clipeus Virtutis
Senate voted this shield in 27 BC, listing Augustus' cardinal virtues: **virtus, clementia, iustitia, and pietas** (connecting him to **pius Aeneas**).
68
Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino 72 (80 BC)
Describes the horrific punishment for parricide: They live... so that they are not able to draw breath from the sky. They die... so that the earth does not touch their bones.
69
Cicero, In Verrem 2.5.162 (70 BC)
Describing the torture of a Roman citizen: A Roman citizen was being cut to pieces... shouting **"I am a Roman citizen!"** ... a cross, a cross, I say, was prepared...
70
Cicero, In Catilinam 1.1 (63 BC)
Opening line of the first oration: **"How far, finally, will you abuse our patience, Catiline?"**
71
Cicero, Philippics 2.118-19 (44 BC)
Cicero’s longing: "Two things alone I long for: first, that when I die I may leave the Roman people free..."
72
Plutarch, Life of Cicero 48–9 (43 BC)
Antony commanded Herennius to cut off his **head and hands** (which wrote the *Philippics*), and they were **displayed on the Rostra**.
73
Cicero (homo novus / suo anno)
Cicero was a **new man (homo novus)** (no senator ancestors) who achieved every office in the *cursus honorum* at the **youngest age possible (suo anno)**.
74
Cicero, De Oratore 1.14
On the influence of Greek rhetoric: After hearing the Greek orators... **our people burned with an incredible desire to speak**.
75
Quintilian, Inst. Or. 10.1.112
Quintilian wrote that Cicero is **"the name not of a person, but of eloquence"** (non hominis nomen, sed eloquentiae).
76
Livy 7.2 (364/363 BC)
Roman drama imported from Etruria during a plague, evolving from **rude lines hastily improvised, like the Fescennines**.
77
Livy 7.2 (Atellan Farce)
The **Atellan was a species of comedy acquired from the Oscans**; performers were **not disfranchised** (allowed to serve in the army).
78
Plautus, Menaechmi 7-12 (Prologue)
Comic poets say "It takes place in Athens... **so that way everything will seem more Greek to you**," though the location is often fictionalized.
79
Terence, Adelphoe 112 (Prologue)
His play was **"translated word for word and now relayed to you"** from the Greek Diphilus, and he accepted that "well-born men assist our poet."
80
Plautus, Rudens (117) & Slavery
Illustrating the social license of slaves on stage: "Sir, your slave must be very useful or very valuable for you to let him talk that way to a free man."
81
Plautus, Aulularia 405-414
Congrio alludes to the Senate's crackdown (Senatus Consultum de Bacchanalibus, 186 BC), complaining he is cooking for the **"first Bacchic orgy I’ve ever had."**
82
Varro, De re rustica 1.17.1 (Slaves)
Slaves (**instrumentum vocale**) are classified as **instruments endowed with speech**, compared to cattle (inarticulate) and wagons (speechless).
83
The Protatic Character
Comedy utilizes a **"protatic character"** like Antipho, whose sole role is to ask questions to the main character, allowing the plot exposition.
84
Hesiod, Works & Days 109–127
Describes the **Golden Race** (under Kronos/Saturn): lived like gods, remote from toil, and died as if overcome by sleep. Soil bore fruits **of its own accord**.
85
Virgil, Eclogue 4.5–7, 10-12
Prophecy that **Virgin Justice returns, and Saturn’s reign**; a **new race descends from the heavens**; traces of our evils will be cancelled.
86
Virgil, Eclogue 4.38–41, 44–45
Prophecy of a golden future: Every land will produce everything; **the soil will not feel the hoe**; the **ram in the meadow will change his fleece... to a sweet blushing purple**.
87
Virgil, Aeneid 6.788–797
Prophecy that **Caesar Augustus**, born of a god, will one day establish **Ages of Gold** through the farmlands once ruled by Saturn.
88
Virgil, Georgics 2.532–540
The life of simple Roman farmers resembled the ways the Sabines cultivated... and the life enjoyed by splendid **Saturn, when they were yet to hear the flare of battle trumpets**.
89
Virgil, Aeneid 8.322–325
Old King Evander recounts that **Saturn was first to arrive from outside... stripped of his power**, and founded Latium; **Under this ruler occurred what tradition describes as the Golden Centuries**.
90
Horace, Carmen Saeculare 56–60
A prayer for the Augustan era: Now **Faith and Peace, Honour, and ancient Modesty, Dare to return** once more... and **blessed Plenty dares to appear again, now, With her flowing horn**.
91
Ovid, The Art of Love 3.101–131
Ovid argues that **crude simplicity’s old-fashioned, Rome’s all gold now**, possessing the vast wealth of the conquered world. He celebrates **Refinement and culture**.
92
Ara Pacis Augustae (Material Culture)
Monument commissioned 13 BC/consecrated 9 BC, representing the **peace, tranquillity, abundance, and prosperity** of the **Pax Romana**.
93
Ludi Saeculares (17 BCE)
Festival marking the beginning of a **new era (saeculum)** and announced the era of an exceptional leader, focusing on **internal regeneration** (new laws) and external stability.
94
Lucretius, DRN 1.29–43
Lucretius’ prayer to Venus to grant peace to Rome: In this evil hour of my country’s history, I cannot pursue my task with a mind at ease...
95
Lucretius, DRN 1.80–111
Argues against superstition: More often it is this very superstition that is the **mother of sinful and impious deeds**. Cites the sacrifice of **Iphigeneia**.
96
Lucretius, DRN 3.995–1002
Compares the pursuit of office (**insignia of office, its rods and ruthless axes**) and political defeat to **Sisyphus... to push a boulder laboriously up a steep hill**.
97
Lucretius, DRN 1.62–79
Describes **Epicurus**: first to raise mortal eyes in defiance... He triumphed over the **dread weight of superstition** and voyaged in mind **throughout infinity**.
98
Lucretius, DRN 3.59–86
The **running sores of life are fed in no small measure by the fear of death**. This fear drives pathetic men to **greed and blind lust of status** and makes them amass a fortune out of **civil bloodshed**.
99
Lucretius, DRN 1.958–83
Argues for the **infinity of the universe**: If it were bounded, a dart thrown at the boundary would either stop or fly on, proving the boundary cannot stand firm anywhere.
100
Jerome, Chronica (for 94 BC)
Record that Lucretius was **driven mad by a love-potion**, wrote books in intervals of sanity (later **Cicero edited**), and **died by his own hand** at age 43.
101
Epicureanism (Philosophy)
Ethical aim is **pleasure** (summum bonum), defined as the absence of pain: **aponia** (physical) and **ataraxia** (mental); the **fear of the gods and death** are the principal threats.
102
Cato the Elder (234-149 BC)
Key Latin prose author of the Punic War period who wrote the *Origines* (seven books), covering the founding of Rome down to his own times.
103
Quintus Fabius Pictor (3rd C. BC)
Aristocratic author who wrote **Annals in Greek** (foundation of Rome to end of Second Punic War), representing the **earliest archaic historical writing**.
104
Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 3-4
Sallust's self-justification: withdrew from politics because **"instead of modesty, instead of incorruptibility, instead of merit, there flourished shamelessness, bribery and greed."** Wrote history with a mind **"free from hope, fear and partisanship."**
105
Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 5 (Portrait of Catiline)
Description of Catiline: **"had great vigour of both mind and body, but an evil and depraved nature."** His **"insatiable mind always craved the excessive, the incredible, the impossible."**
106
Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 41
Sallust argues that Romans were virtuous **until the fall of Carthage in 146 BC**; after that, **corruption reigned and led to moral collapse**.
107
Sallust, Bellum Catilinae 53-54
Comparison of two figures: **Caesar was considered great because of his benefactions and lavish generosity, Cato for the uprightness of his life**.
108
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita Preface 1–2
Livy expresses misgiving about the **"immensely laborious"** task of tracing history, but finds satisfaction in contributing to the story of the **"greatest nation in the world."**
109
Livy, Ab Urbe Condita Preface 9–10
Stresses the **moral purpose of history**: inviting the reader to trace the **"process of our moral decline"** and use history as the **"best medicine for a sick mind."**
110
Tacitus, Annals 4.34 (on Livy)
Records that Livy **"lavished such eulogies on Pompey that Augustus styled him 'the Pompeian'"**; yet their friendship continued.
111
Julius Caesar, Commentarii
Quasi-historical genres (diaries); written in an **unadorned, elegant style**, with Caesar writing of himself in the **third person** (creating an ‘objective’ effect); used for counter-propaganda to justify his campaigns.
112
Cicero, De Oratore 1.14
On the influence of Greek rhetoric: **"After hearing the Greek orators...our people burned with an incredible desire to speak."**
113
C. Sempronius Gracchus (Quote)
Famous example of **dubitatio** (rhetorical figure of dilemma): "Where can I take myself in my wretchedness? Where can I turn? To the Capitol? But it is steeped in my brother’s blood..."
114
Cato the Censor (Quote)
Principle advocating for focusing on content over ornamentation: **"Hold to the subject, the words will follow."** (**rem tene, verba sequentur**)
115
Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 11.3
Regarding the use of hands (**actio**): **"they are almost as expressive as words... they share in common the universal language of the hands."**
116
Cicero, Pro S. Roscio Amerino
Cicero, defending his first major case, apologizes for his lack of seniority and **influence (auctoritas)**: "I above all others should get up, who neither for age, nor for ability, nor for influence, am to be compared to those who are sitting still."
117
Cicero, Pro Caelio 1 (Exordium)
Introductory passage (Exordium) uses the rhetorical device of pretending to address an unfamiliar juror, noting the attack is **"being financed by a prostitute"** (rhetorical attack on Clodia).
118
Cicero, Pro Caelio 33–34 (Prosopopoeia)
Cicero defends his client by calling up the spirit of **Appius Claudius Caecus** (a bearded ancient of Clodia’s family) to castigate the woman, using the device of **personification (prosopopoeia)**.
119
Cicero, Second Philippic 118–119
Cicero’s final defiant pledge against Antony: **"I only pray for these two things: one, that dying I may leave the Roman people free... The other, that every one may meet with a fate suitable to his deserts..."**
120
Types of Speech (Rhetoric)
The three defined types of speech are: **forensic** (judicial), **deliberative** (political), and **epideictic** (display).
121
Parts of Rhetoric (Theory)
The five required parts of rhetoric (oratory theory) are: **invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery (actio)**.
122
Map Comparison (510 BCE vs. 270 BCE)
Visual data demonstrating the **rapid territorial growth** of the Roman Republic: from a small city state (510 BCE) to the **hegemon of the Italian peninsula** (270 BCE).
123
Livy, History of Rome 5.22.6 (c. 396 BCE)
Records the fall of **Veii**, the wealthiest city of the Etruscan league, after being besieged for ten summers and winters.
124
Livy, History of Rome 5.41 (c. 387 BCE)
Account of the Gauls attacking Rome: the patricians were butchered in their chairs; houses were rifled and then set on fire.
125
Livy, History of Rome 8.13 (338 BCE)
Camillus' argument for the defeated Latin peoples: Do you wish to follow the example of our ancestors and **increase the Roman state by accepting the defeated into citizenship?**
126
Tacitus, Annals 11.24 (Claudius’ speech, 48 CE)
Claudius argues that spurning the conquered was the **"ruin of Sparta and Athens"**; Romulus fought enemies and then **hailed them as fellow-citizens**.
127
Arrangements for Defeated Latin States (338 BCE)
Rome created diversified relationships: some received **Full Citizenship**; others **Citizenship without Suffrage (civitas sine suffragio)**; others were stripped of rights.
128
Silver Coin (269 BCE)
Numismatic evidence depicting the **she-wolf with Romulus and Remus** and the inscription **ROMAN**, asserting Rome's foundational myth.
129
Oscan Tablet (3rd c. BCE) & Pyrgi Tablets (c. 500 BCE)
Epigraphical evidence of the **linguistic diversity of Italy** before Roman domination (Oscan and bilingual Etruscan—Phoenician texts).
130
Polybius, Histories 1.1.5
Polybius' goal: to know by what means the Romans in less than fifty-three years (220–167 BCE) subjected **nearly the whole inhabited world to their sole government**.
131
Polybius, Histories 1.10 (First Punic War)
Romans were anxious: if Carthaginians became masters of Sicily, they would be **very dangerous and formidable neighbours**, commanding all coasts of Italy.
132
Polybius, Histories 1.11 (First Punic War)
The people voted in favor of giving aid (to Messana) when the consuls pointed out the **great gains in terms of plunder** that would clearly be available to each individually.
133
Polybius, Histories 3.77.3-6 (Second Punic War)
Hannibal told the prisoners from the allies that he had not come to make war on them, but on the Romans for their sakes, and to **re-establish the liberty of the peoples of Italy**.
134
Plutarch, Life of Pyrrhus 21
The famous quote attributed to Pyrrhus regarding the unsustainable cost of his victories: **“If we are victorious in one more battle with the Romans, we shall be utterly ruined.”**
135
Inscription on Duillius’ Column (CIL I2, 25)
Inscription celebrating Consul Gaius Duillius, the **first Roman to equip and train crews and fleets of fighting ships**, and defeated the Carthaginian fleets.
136
Silver Denarius of C. Caecilius Metellus Caprarius (125 BCE)
Coin commemorating the triumph of his ancestor, specifically showing **elephants captured at the Battle of Panormus** (250 BCE).
137
Currency Bar (Aes Signatum) (c. 280-250 BCE)
Early bronze currency bar featuring the image of an **elephant and a pig**, illustrating the Roman military encounter with elephants during the Pyrrhic War (and the trick to scare them).
138
Polybius, Histories 1.3.6
Romans were **first emboldened to reach out their hands to grasp the rest and to cross with an army to Greece and the continent of Asia** owing to their defeat of the Carthaginians.
139
Polybius, Histories 18.45.7–46.15 (196 BCE)
Proconsul Flamininus was persuaded to proclaim that the peoples overcome in the Second Macedonian War would be **declared free, without garrisons and subject to no tribute**.
140
Plutarch, Life of Aemilius 28.4 (168 BCE)
Aemilius Paullus ordered that his own statue be set on the tall marble pillar at Delphi originally intended for King Perseus, **"for it was fitting that the conquered should make room for their conquerors."**
141
Livy, Periochae 58.4 (133 BCE)
Text confirming that **King Attalus of Pergamon... had made the Roman people his heir**, leading to the formation of the Roman province of Asia.
142
Livy, History of Rome 44.42.7-8 (168 BCE)
Account of the Battle of Pydna (Third Macedonian War) claiming that **about twenty thousand Macedonians were slain**, while **not more than one hundred** of the victors fell.
143
Livy, History of Rome 45.28 (168 BCE)
Describes Consul Aemilius Paullus' tour of Greece following his victory over Macedon, including visiting Athens and reserving the pillars at Delphi for his own statues.
144
Temple Dedication by L. Mummius (CIL VI, 331)
Inscription recording the dedication of the **temple and statue of Hercules Victor** because Achaea was captured and **Corinth destroyed** under his command (imperium).
145
Map of Roman Expansion (218 BCE vs. 146 BCE)
Visual evidence demonstrating the shift in Roman power from dominance over Italy to **control over the entire central and eastern Mediterranean** (146 BCE).
146
Appian, Civil Wars 1.2
The sword was never carried into the assembly until **Tiberius Gracchus... was the first to fall a victim to internal commotion**; and with him many others... were also slain.
147
Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus 8
Motivation for the agrarian law arose when Tiberius saw that **the only people farming or cultivating the land were slaves introduced from abroad**, and was spurred by **graffiti**.
148
Appian, Civil Wars 1.11
What Gracchus had in his mind in proposing the measure was not money, but **men**. [He questioned] whether a man who served in the army was not more useful than one who did not...
149
Plutarch, Tiberius Gracchus 12-13
Account of the **unprecedented political violence** when Tiberius deposed his fellow tribune, Marcus Octavius, ordering him to be **dragged from the rostra** by a freedman.
150
Livy, Periochae 58.4 (Context)
Text confirming that **King Attalus III of Pergamon** bequeathed his kingdom to Rome, the revenues of which Tiberius controversially proposed be used to finance land distribution.
151
Plutarch, Gaius Gracchus 17
Violence against Gaius Gracchus: his head was cut off (and later traded for gold), and the **bodies of the slain (c. 3,000) were thrown into the Tiber**; his wife, Licinia, was **forbidden to mourn**.
152
Plutarch, Life of Ti. Gracchus 2 & 74
Description contrasting the oratorical styles: **Tiberius was "gentle and sedate,"** while **Gaius was "high-strung and vehement,"** who was the **first Roman to walk about upon the rostra** and pull his toga off his shoulder.
153
Map of Gracchan Land Distributions
Map indicating the estimated geographical **areas** where the **Lex Agraria** allotments were distributed to poorer citizens, limiting public land holdings to 500 *iugera* per person.
154
Appian, Civil Wars 1.35
The Italian allies **especially desired Roman citizenship because by that one step they would become rulers instead of subjects**, following the failure of Marcus Livius Drusus' proposal.
155
Velleius Paterculus 2.15-17
The allies' cause was **"very just,"** as they supplied double the soldiers for Rome's empire yet were **denied the rights of a community** and treated as **"foreigners and aliens."**
156
Appian, Civil Wars 1.49
The Senate eventually granted citizenship (**Lex Iulia**) to the loyal allies because they were **"fearing lest they should be surrounded by war,"** thus mollifying enemies.
157
Appian, Civil Wars 1.57 (88 BCE)
Sulla's soldiers, **fearing lest they should miss the campaign**, boldly told him **"to be of good courage, and to lead them to Rome."** (Sulla's unprecedented first march on Rome).
158
Appian, Civil Wars 1.99 (82 BCE)
Sulla ruled as a king or tyrant (**basileus ōn ē tyrannos**), and his dictatorship, chosen without time restriction, **"became a full tyranny,"** in contrast to the short-term traditional dictatorship.
159
Silver Denarius of C. Papius Mutilus (90 BCE)
**Rebel coinage from the Social War** featuring the **Italian Bull goring the Roman She-Wolf** and the inscription **MUTIL EMBRATUR** in Oscan.
160
Silver Denarius (Rome, 70 BCE)
Coin depicting the personified figures of **Honos (Honour) and Virtus (Virtue)**, and the reverse shows **Italia and Roma clasping hands**, symbolizing the forced unification and reconciliation.
161
Sulla's Dictatorial Reforms (82-81 BCE)
Drastically **reduced the authority of the Tribunate** (limited veto, barred further office) and **enlarged the Senate** (from 300 to 600 members).
162
Suetonius, Life of Julius Caesar 77
Caesar boasted that **"Sulla did not know his A. B. C. when he laid down his dictatorship,"** and that men ought to regard his word as law.
163
Plutarch, Caesar 6.1 (65 BCE)
To attract the *popularis* party, Caesar had **images of Marius secretly made... and set up on the Capitol**, challenging the Sullan establishment.
164
Appian, Civil Wars 2.9 (60 BCE)
Describes the formation of the **First Triumvirate** (Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar)—a coalition famously labeled a **"three-headed monster" (tricaranus)**.
165
Lucan, Civil War 1.98-105
Lament over the breakdown of the Triumvirate: **"For a short while a discordant harmony was maintained... since Crassus stood between them,"** but his death **"let loose the furies on Rome."**
166
Plutarch, Pompey 45 (61 BCE)
Record of Pompey's magnificent triple triumph: he had conquered nations including Pontus, Syria, and Judaea, and founded 39 towns, making it seem as if he had **"led the whole world captive."**
167
Caesar, Commentaries on the Civil War 3.96.1-2
Caesar's account of finding luxury (shady pavilions, silverware, ivy huts) in **Pompey's camp**, contrasting his enemy's confidence with the poverty of his own army.
168
Appian, Civil Wars 2.119 (44 BCE)
After Caesar's assassination, the murderers ran through the streets, crying out that they had slain a **"king and tyrant,"** and bearing a **pileus (cap of liberty) on the end of a spear**.
169
Denarius of Brutus (43–42 BCE)
Coin commemorating the assassination of Caesar, featuring the inscription **EID MAR** (Ides of March) below a **pileus (cap of liberty)** set between **two daggers**.
170
Livy 2.44.9
On the Patrician-Plebeian struggles: **Two states had been created out of one: each faction had its own magistrates, its own laws.**
171
Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 10.20.5
The term **‘people’ embraced every part of the state**, but **‘commons’ is properly applied to that part in which the patrician families (patriciae gentes) of the citizenry are not included**.
172
Livy 2.23
The state... burned with internal animosity between the **patres and plebs (patres plebemque) on account of those confined for debt**.
173
Polybius 6.11.11–12
The constitution seemed **monarchical** (Consuls), **aristocratic** (Senate), and **democracy** (masses).
174
Table 6 (Status of Office-holders)
Data showing that **patricians held 99% of offices** between 427 and 401 BCE, illustrating their political monopoly prior to major plebeian reforms.
175
Dig. 50.16.195.2 (Ulpian)
The term **familia** has reference to every collection of persons which are connected by their own rights as individuals, or by the common bond of general relationship.
176
Gaius, Institutes 1.55
Roman citizens have peculiar authority: [O]ur children whom we have in lawful marriage are under our control. This right is **peculiar to Roman citizens**...
177
Law of XII Tables, Table IV
A notably deformed child shall be **killed immediately**... [and] If a father thrice surrenders a son for sale the son shall be free from the father.
178
Polybius 6.53–54
The greatest result [of funerals] is that the young men are encouraged to undergo anything for the sake of the common cause in the hope of gaining the **good reputation which follows upon the brave deeds of men**.
179
CIL I 6–7 (Epitaph of Scipio Barbatus)
Records the elite self-presentation of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus, listing his offices (consul, censor, aedile) and military achievements (capturing **Taurasia and Cisauna in Samnium**).
180
CIL VI 9499 (Aurelia Philematium Epitaph)
Epitaph of a **freedwoman** who died at age 40, stressing her **chaste, modest, and mutually loving relationship** with her husband (a fellow freedman and butcher).
181
CIL VI 28044 (Infant Tombstone)
A tombstone lamenting the death of Lucius Valerius, an **infant who lived only seventy-one days**, concluding with a curse against anyone who damages the grave.
182
Dig. 1.5.4.1 (Florentinus)
Definition of slavery: an institution of the common law of peoples (**ius gentium**) by which a person (**quis**) is put into the ownership (**dominium**) of somebody else, **contrary to the natural order (contra naturam)**.
183
Appian, Civil Wars 1.7
[The rich] came to cultivate vast tracts... **using slaves as labourers and herdsmen, lest free labourers should be drawn from agriculture into the army**.
184
AE 1971, 88 (Law from Puteoli)
Inscription outlining magisterial responsibilities for public punishment, requiring the contractor to provide materials for free, including **stakes/crosses, nails, pitch, wax, and candles**.
185
Strabo, Geography 3.2.8
Textual assertion regarding **Spain's vast mineral wealth**, claiming neither gold, silver, copper, nor iron has been found anywhere else in the world in such quantity or quality.
186
Diodorus Siculus 5.36
When the Romans took control of Iberia, a crowd of Italians filled the mines and bore off great wealth... After purchasing a multitude of slaves, they turn them over to the **overseers of the mine workings**.
187
Pliny, NH 33.66–78
Describes the dangers of Roman mining: The fractured mountain collapses in a gaping rift with a crash which the human mind cannot conceive... **The miners gaze as conquerors upon the collapse of nature.**
188
Pliny, NH 33.42–43
The Roman people did not even use a **struck silver coinage before the conquest of King Pyrrhus**. [...] The design struck onto the metal was of **cattle (pecudum)**, whence comes the name **pecunia**.
189
XII Tables 8.11
Whoever fells unjustly another's trees shall pay **twenty-five asses** for each tree.
Anc Hist
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
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Reliability points Roman11
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SPQR + Religion23
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Roman challenges/conspiracies6
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succession14
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Senate v Emperors (learn 20)14
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Tiberius22
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Claudius21
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Nero23
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Pre 88 history13
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Political context3
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Main figures of breakdown17
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Civil War and Caesar17
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Civil war to Actium22
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Actium5
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Socio-economic7
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flashcards116
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Quotes189
