R1 - Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Classification (CH. 1, 4, 10) , Bacterial Structure (Ch. 4 ) , Gram stain (Lab and Ch.3)

Question 1

Identify, describe and draw the variouse shapes and cell arrangements of bacteria.

Answer 1

1. rod/ bacillus
2. coccus
3. spiral
4. star
5. pleimorphic
6. coccobacillus

Question 2

Bacillus

Answer 2

Rod shaped

“little staphs”

Question 3

coccobacillus

Answer 3

look oval and so much like bacillus

Question 4

Pleimorphic

Answer 4

They can have many shapes, not just one.

e.g. Corynebacterium dipnhtheriae

Question 5

Spiral

Answer 5

have one or more twists and are never straight

• spirillium
• spirochete

Question 6

Spirillium

Answer 6

Is under spiral
have helical shape, look like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies
Has flagella.

Question 7

Spirochete

Answer 7

Spiral
Helical and flexible;
move by means of axial filaments (internal) that rotate.

Question 8

Coccus

Answer 8

spherical like berries

Question 9

Cell arrangements of Bacteria

Answer 9

1. strepto
2. tetrad
3. staphylo
4. palisade
5. diplococcus

Question 10

Strepto -

Answer 10

occur in chains of cells

e.g . stepto bacilli

Question 11

Tetrade -

Answer 11

Groups of 4

Question 12

staphylo-

Answer 12

grape like clusters

Question 13

Palisades

Answer 13

Picket fence like

Question 14

Diplococcus

Answer 14

cocci that remain in pairs after dividing

Question 15

Cell wall

Answer 15

a complex , semirigid structure resonsible for the shape of the cell. The cell wall surrounds he underlying, fragile plasma(cytoplasmic) membrane and protects it and the intertior of the cell from adverse changes in the outside environment.

• Almost all prokaryotes have cell walls
• The function of the cell wall is to prevent bacteria from rupturing when the water pressure inside the cell is greater than the outside of the cell
• Also helps maintain the shape of a bacterium and serves as a point of anchorage for flagella
• as the volume of a bacter ia increases it’s plasma membrane and cell wall extend as needed.
• Is the cite of action of some antibiotics

Question 16

Cell Membrane

Answer 16

• encloses the cytoplasm and is a lipod bilayer with peripheral and intergral proteins.
• is selectively permeable
• contains enzymes for metabolic reactions such as nutrient breakdown , emergency reproduction , and photosynthesis
• mesosomes, irregular inforldings of the plasma membrane are artifacts , not true cell structures.
• plasma membranes can be destroyed by alcohols and polymyxns

Question 17

Flagellum

Answer 17

• are long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
• Gram-negative : contains 2 pairs of rings: the outer pair of the rings is anchored to variouse portions of the cell wall, and the inner pair of rings is anchored to the plasma membrane
• Gram-positive: only the inner pair is present in the plasma membrane.

-• Filament: outermost region that consists of proteins arranged in several chains that intertwine around a hollow core.
• Hook – which the filament is attached to. Outer part that rotates the flagellum clockwise.
• Basal Body – Anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

Question 18

Endospores

Answer 18

when necessary nutients are depleted, certain (not all) gram positive bacteria form specialized “resting “ cells. Inside bacteria endospores forms inside of vegetative bacterial cell (active metabolism) and then bursts out. Used for survival in poor conditions (lack of water, nutrients, etc)/

Question 19

Cytoplasm

Answer 19

the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane.

Question 20

Ribosomes

Answer 20

function as sites for protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

Question 21

Inclusion body/cytoplasmic body

Answer 21

o (inclusions) for chemical storage in some bacteria; reserve deposits. Cell may accumulate certain nutrients when they are plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient.

• nutrient storage
• metachromatic granules
• magnetosomes

Question 22

Plasmid

Answer 22

circular, double stranded DNA molecules. Replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA. Plasmids can be transferred from one bacterium to another.

Question 23

Nucleoid

Answer 23

contains single long continuous and frequently circularly arranged thread of double-stranded DNA.

Question 24

Fimbriae

Answer 24

Straight hairlike, attachment only
occur at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire surface of the cell. Straight, hair like, attachment only to surfaces. Involves in forming biofilms.
e.g. neisseria honorrhea

Question 25

Pili

Answer 25

Straight , hairlike, gene transfer, ; can send DNA through for Bacteria to trade genes. Longer than fimbriar and number only one or two per cell. o Functions: Involved in motility and DNA transfer.

Question 26

capsule

Answer 26

if glycocalyx is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall the glycocalyx is described as a capsule. - thick - tightly bound - protects bacteria from phagocytosis

Question 27

How is a capsule helpful to a bacterial cell?

Answer 27

Thick , tightly bound to cell, protects bacteria against phagocytosis -Firmly attached to cell wall.

Question 28

How is a slime layer helpful to a bacterial cell?

Answer 28

Flexible helps bacteria attach to surfaces protects cell against dehydration

Question 29

2 main types of glycocalyx, including differences and similarieties

Answer 29

1. slime layer 2. capsule ``` Differences: Slime: loosely attached to cell wall Capsule : firmly attached to cell wall Slime: helps attach to surfaces capsule: no ``` Similarieties:

Question 30

What are parts of an endospore?

Answer 30

components: - cytoplasm - plasma membrane - peptidoglycan - ribosomes - dipicolinic acid - spore coat (proteint) Endospores are highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls and additional layers.

Question 31

where are endospores located in the cell?

Answer 31

they are formed internal to the bacterial cell membrane. True endospores are found in gam positive bacteria. they can be located - terminally -central -sub terminally - not at the tip but close enough to the en of the cell

Question 32

Why are endospores hard to kill?

Answer 32

They can survive extreme heat, lack of water, and exposure to many toxic chemicals and radiation. Can withstand very little water and are resistant to disinfectants. they need more time to be killed. an autoclave may do that.

Question 33

What are examples of species with endospores?

Answer 33

Clostridium tetani is an example of a spore forming organism. It is found in the soil and causes tetanus.

Question 34

Describe process of generating an endospore ?

Answer 34

This is called sporulation 1. spore septum begins to isolate newly replicated DNA and a small portion of cytoplasm. 2. plasma membrane starts to surround DNA, cytoplasm and membrane isolated in step 1. Endospore forms when the plasma membrane , peptidoglycan layer , and spore coat surrounds the DNA. 3. spore septum surrounds isolated portion forming forespore 4. peptidoglycan layer forms between membrane. 5. spore coat forms 6. endospore is freed from cell and vegetative cell disintegrates.

Question 35

Why cells produce endospores?

Answer 35

Used for survival in poor conditions, like lack of water and nutrients. Vegetive cells of endospores forming bacteria begin sporulatin

Question 36

sporulation

Answer 36

process of forming endospores

Question 37

Describe the various arrangements of flagella?

Answer 37

1. monotrichous 2. amphitrichou 3. peritichous

Question 38

monotrichous

Answer 38

a single flagellum at one pole

Question 39

amphitrichous

Answer 39

flagella at each end

Question 40

peritrichous

Answer 40

flagella over entire cell

Question 41

Chemotaxis

Answer 41

movement in response to chemical reaction.

Question 42

Describe parts of the flagellum?

Answer 42

1. filament - outermost region, proteings arranged around hollow core 2. basal body - anchors the flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane 3. hook - outer part, actualy rotates clockwise. Filament is attached to and made of different proteins.

Question 43

what is the filament made of?

Answer 43

is constant in diameter and contains globular roughly spherical protein, flagellin arranged in several chains that intertwine and form a helix around a hollow core.

Question 44

How does the flagellum produce runs and tumbles?

Answer 44

* Longer runs and fewer tumbles are used during chemotaxis. When bacterium moves in one direction for a length of time the movement is called "run" or "swim" - "runs" are interupted by periodic abupt, random changes in direction called "tumbles, then a "run" resumes. - "tumbles" are caused by a reversal of flagella rotation.

Question 45

Describe Gram negative cell wall

Answer 45

- Thin peptidoglycan - very few layers of peptidoglycan - outer membrane - negative charge is an important factor in evading phagocytosis and the actions of complement. Provides barrier to antibiotics. - Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - of the outer membrane is a large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates. - Porin - part of the permeability of the outer membrane that are proteins. Porins permit the passage of molecules. - Periplasm & periplasmic space - gel like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Contains high concentration of degradative enzymes and transport proteins. Has chemoreceptors.

Question 46

What are the differences between Gram positive and gram negative?

Answer 46

Gram pos: - thick peptidoglycan layer - techoic acids present - periplasmic space absent - outer membrane is absent - virtually no lipopolysacharride content - flagellar structure is 2 rind in basal body - high susceptibility to penicillin - inhibition of basic dyes is high Gram NEg: - think single layer of peptidoglycan - techoic acids absent. - has periplasmic space - has outer membrane - present lipopolysacharride content - flagellar ring is 4 rings in basal body - low susceptibility to penicillin (antibiotic) - Inhibition of basic dyes is low

Question 47

WHat is the procedure of a gram stain?

Answer 47

1. application of crystal violet 2. application of iodine (mordant) 3. alcohole wash (de colorizer) 4. application of safranin (counterstain) for gram negative cells.

Question 48

How does the gram stain allow you to differentiate between cells?

Answer 48

The gram stain is based on diffrences in the structure of the cell walls of gram pos and gram neg. bacteria and how each reacts with various reagents. - crystal violet - stains both pos and neg. - iodine - crystalizes with dye in cytoplasm. - alcohol- dehydrates the peptidoglycan of the gram positive cell. Alcohol dissolves the outer membrane of the gram neg. celll. Leaving holes for which the crystal violet diffused out of. - safranin- is added and turns gram neg. cells pink or red

Question 49

Describe Gram positive cell wall

Answer 49

- cell walls consist of many layers of peptidoglycan, forming thick layer. - -contain techoic acids, which consist primarily of an alcohole and phosphate (is linked to plasma membrane. Prevent extensive wall breakdown and possible cell lysis. - when it stains it retains the color.

Question 50

NAM & NAG

Answer 50

Make up the disacharide portion of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. -name NAG- N-acetylmuramic acid Namd NAM- N acetylglucosamine acid

Question 51

What cell structures are only found in eukaryotes? Functions? (in other cards)

Answer 51

1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 2. golgi body 3. chloroplasts 4. mitochondria 5. lysosome

Question 52

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Answer 52

- makes membrane proteins or secreted proteins. | - ribosomes attached and create protein --> transport to golgi

Question 53

Gogli Body

Answer 53

processes proteins from RER

Question 54

CHloroplats

Answer 54

site of photosynthesis e.g. algae

Question 55

Mitochondria

Answer 55

site of cellular respiration ATP synthesis

Question 56

Lysosome

Answer 56

contains digestive enzymes - chews and destroys hat phagocytes eat.

Question 57

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 57

Every organism is assigned two names or a binomial. These names are the genus name and specific epithet and both names are printed or underlines or italixized. the genus name is always capitalized and is alway a noun. The species name is lowercase and is usually an adjective.

Question 58

Identify the 3 domain classification system. | organisms in each domain (separate cards)

Answer 58

Bacteria - prokaryote, 1 cell Archea - prokaryote, 1 cell Eukarya - eukaryotes, multicellular animals

Question 59

Domain Bacteria

Answer 59

Prokaryote - 1 cell

Question 60

Domain Archea

Answer 60

Prokaryote, 1 cell

Question 61

What kingdoms are in the Domain Eukarya?

Answer 61

Animals, plants, and fungi are kingdoms in Eukarya. - animalia : helminths - protists: protozoa and algea - fungi : eukaryote , 1 cell or multicellular - Plants - eukaryote

Question 62

What are the names of the membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes?

Answer 62

- Nucleus - chloroplats - golgi body - lysosomes - mitochondria - rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 63

Functions of Lysosomes

Answer 63

contain powerful digestive enzymes capable of breaking down various molecules. The enzymes can digest bacteria that enter the cell.

Question 64

Functions of Mitochondria

Answer 64

ATP production. /synthetis | Site of cellular respiration

Question 65

functions of rough endoplacmic reticulum

Answer 65

Protein synthesis and processing.

Question 66

functions of golgi body

Answer 66

processing area for proteins comming from Rough ER. Functions in membrane formation and protein secretion.

Question 67

functions of chloroplats

Answer 67

site of photosynthesis

Question 68

functions of the nucleus

Answer 68

contain much more DNA than do bacteria, and this DNA is organized as multiple chromosomes located within a nucleus.

Question 69

What is the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 69

p.- cell division by binary fission e- cell division by meiosis P-chomosone lacks histones. circular, only one chromosome, in region called nucleoid e- dna is associated with chromosomal proteins called histones. chromosomes linear, variable number of chromosomes. p-Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan; archea- pseudopeptidoglycan e-Fungi: chitin; plants and algae: cellulose P-nucleus not present e-present P-flagellum rotational motion e- flagellum whiplike motion p. membrane bound organelles not present e- present

Question 70

What are the similarities of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 70

1. Both have DNA (not same amount) 2. both have cytoplasm 3. Both have plasma membrane (but made differently) 4. Both can have flagella (but structurally different.)

Question 71

Describe the differences between viruses and micoroorganisms?

Answer 71

V-viruses can reproduce only by using the cellular machinery of other organisms. M- reproduce through binary fission or meiosis. V- nonliving organism M-living organism V-organells are missing M- depending on organism, is present

Question 72

Why aren't viruses alive?

Answer 72

because they are inert outside of living hosts.

Question 73

Bacteria including cyanobacteria

Answer 73

- single celled organisms - prokaryotes - cell walls composed of carbohydrate and peptidoglycan - reproduce by binary fission - metabolism - chemoorganotroph( from dead or living organisms) ; come bacteria can photosynthesize (cyanobacteria)

Question 74

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Archea :

Answer 74

- prokaryote - cell walls lack peptidoglycan - live in extreme environments: divided in 3 groups: - methanogens - produce methane as waste, product from respiration - Halophiles- live in salty environtment - Thermophiles - (hyperthermophiles) live in hot springs, or hot spring runoff - not known to cause human disease

Question 75

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Fungi

Answer 75

-eukaryotes -1 cell (yeasts) or multicellular (molds) -cell walls composed of chitin metabolism - nourishment by absorbing solutions of organic material from their environment

Question 76

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Algae

Answer 76

-photosynthetic eukaryotes | -

Question 77

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Protozoa

Answer 77

unicellular eukaryotic microbes - protozoa move by psudeopods, flagella or cilia - have a variety of shaped - live as free entities or parasites that absorbe or ingest organic compounds from their environment. e. g. euglena is photosynthetis

Question 78

Which of the microorganisms are capable of photosynthesis?

Answer 78

- Protozoa | - Algea

Question 79

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of Viruses

Answer 79

- acellular (not cellular) - reproduce only by using cellular machinery of other organisms. - are parasites of other forms of life. - Diseases are associated with this microorganism

Question 80

Identify characteristics, cellular structures, metabolism, where they live, and diseases if associated of helminths

Answer 80

- eukaryotes | - flat worms and round worms