Quality Factors (QF) for
Alpha
Beta
Gama
Alpha- 20
Beta- 1
Gama- 1
Shielding for alpha particles
Paper, clothes
Shielding for beta particles
plastic and glass
Shielding for gamma particles
Lead
What shielding should you avoid with beta radiation? Why?
Lead, bremstralung
Absorbed dose is measured in ____
Dose equivalent is measured in ____
Absorbed dose= Rad
Dose equivalent= Rem
___ rem causes radiation sickness and increased cancer risk
___ rem causes death in 50% of people
100
500
U.S. radiation workers are allowed whole body dose rate of ___ rem/year
ICRP recommends ___ rem/year
5
2
Fundamental principal for radiation
ALARA
Controls for radiation
Distance, shielding, time
Half value layer
the thickness of a material that attenuates half the photons entering the material
Two types of lasers:
Continuous
Pulsed
Continuous- >0.25 seconds
Pulsed- <0.25 seconds
0.25 is a blink reflex
Target organs for lasers:
Eyes and skin
UV <220 nm creates what?
Ozone
Radiation spectrum
Radio
Microwave
IR
Visible light
UV-C
UV-B
UV-A
X-ray
Gamma rays
Which is the most dangerous laser class?
class 4- skin and permanent eye injury possible
Biggest hazard with UV radiation?
Erythema (skin burn)
Biggest hazard with radio and microwave frequency?
heating of tissue
What type of radiation can penetrate several material types, make other objects radioactive, and produce many of the radioactive sources used in industrial, academic, and medical applications?
Neutrons
Ionizing radiation: particles with sufficient energy to remove ____ which with they interact
electrons molecules
Radon is a ___
gas
Shielding options for neutrons
Concrete
Laser safety quantities:
____ is used for continuous lasers (X/area)
___ is used for pulsed lasers (X/area)
Irradiance = Continuous (power/area)- dose rate
Radiant= Pulsed
(energy/area)- dose
In radiation equations, E means what?
Equation?
Irradiance
E= power/area
