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radiology Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Which statement is false?
    a. The generator determines the capacity of the x-ray machine.
    b. Greater capacity allows shorter exposure time.
    c. Reduction of the exposure time will increase the motion unsharpness
    d. The most common reason for motion unsharpness is panting.
A

c. Reduction of the exposure time will increase the motion unsharpness

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2
Q
  1. What is the role of the collimator?
    a. Filtration of the scattered beams
    b. Setting the size of the x-ray beam
    c. Setting the strength of the x-ray beam
    d. Reduction of x-ray radiation
A

b. Setting the size of the x-ray beam

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3
Q
  1. Which one is not an exposure factor?
    a. kV
    b. mA
    c. kW
    d. s
A

c. kW

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4
Q
  1. Which statement is false?
    a. The kVp describes the strength (penetrating power) of the x-ray beam.
    b. The mA describes the number of x-ray photons
    c. To maintaine the same exposure, if increasing the mAs you have to elevate the kVp too.
    d. The same mAs can be created from different time components.
A

c. To maintaine the same exposure, if increasing the mAs you have to elevate the kVp too.

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5
Q
  1. What is the normal range of tube voltage in small animal radiography?
    a. 0,1-2 kVp
    b. 1000-2000 kVp
    c. 40-100 kVp
    d. 4-10 kVp
A

c. 40-100 kVp

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6
Q
  1. Which of the above x-ray tubes contains rotating anode?
    a. A
    b. B
    c. both
    d. none of them
A

b. B

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7
Q
  1. Which statement is true? The use of the grid
    a. reduces the radiation exposure
    b. improves the image contrast
    c. improves the image sharpness
    d. reduces the exposure time
A

b. improves the image contrast

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8
Q
  1. What is not a normal component of an indirect digital system (CR)?
    a. x-ray tube
    b. x-ray film
    c. collimator
    d. PSP plate
A

b. x-ray film

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9
Q
  1. Which statement is false?
    a. The x-ray radiation is electromagnetic radiation.
    b. X-ray beams cannot be deflected by a magnetic field.
    c. Particles with higher energy have a higher penetrating power.
    d. The elementary unit of the x-ray beam is the electron.
A

d. The elementary unit of the x-ray beam is the electron.

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10
Q
  1. Which part of the x-ray machine is marked in the picture?
    a. generator
    b. collimator
    c. x-ray tube
    d. control panel/computer
A

a. generator

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11
Q
  1. Which statement is true?
    a. Some digital technologies use x-ray films.
    b. Fluoroscopy can be digital or analog.
    c. DR systems can be digital or analog.
    d. The picture of CR systems can be static or dynamic.
A

b. Fluoroscopy can be digital or analog.

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12
Q
  1. Which statement is true ?
    a. Fluoroscopy causes very low radiation exposure.
    b. Fluoroscopy is mainly used for static examinations.
    c. During fluoroscopy the x-ray tube is generally above the animal.
    d. Fluoroscope is also called ³&-arm´.
A

d. Fluoroscope is also called ³&-arm´.

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13
Q
  1. The negatively charged particle of an atom is the:
    a. proton.
    b. neutron.
    c. electron.
    d. nucleus.
A

c. electron.

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14
Q
  1. As x-rays pass through materials, they have the ability to:
    a. cause some substances to fluoresce (emit visible light).
    b. completely remove an electron from an atom, leaving the atom positively charged.
    c. cause chemical changes that can kill cells.
    d. all of the above
A

d. all of the above

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15
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is true?
    a. X-rays can be deflected by magnetic fields.
    b. X-rays with longer wavelengths penetrate farther than rays with shorter wavelengths.
    c. Electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency has more penetrating power through space and matter.
    d. Gamma rays are required for the production of a radiograph.
A

c. Electromagnetic radiation with higher frequency has more penetrating power through space and matter.

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16
Q
  1. Electrons travel:
    a. Toward the cathode in an x-ray tube
    b. Away from the anode in an x-ray tube
    c. Toward the anode in an x-ray tube
    d. None of them is true
A

c. Toward the anode in an x-ray tube

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17
Q
  1. X-ray photons travel:
    a. toward the cathode in an x-ray tube.
    b. away from the anode in an x-ray tube.
    c. toward the anode in an x-ray tube.
    d. None of them is true
A

b. away from the anode in an x-ray tube.

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18
Q
  1. Ways to increase penetrating power of x-rays include:
    a. increasing kVp.
    b. increasing the time setting.
    c. increasing thermionic emission.
    d. increasing mAs.
A

a. increasing kVp.

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19
Q
  1. The milliamperage-seconds (mAs) for 100 mA and 1/10 sec is:
    a. 10 mAs
    b. 10000 mAs
    c. 100 mAs
    d. 1 mAs
A

a. 10 mAs

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20
Q
  1. According to Santes¶ rule, if a cats abdomen measures 8 cm, FFD is 100 cm, kVp is:
    a. 72
    b. 56
    c. 66
    d. 52
A

b. 56

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21
Q
  1. Increasing the film-object distance:
    a. The resulting image will be larger.
    b. The resulting image will be sharper.
    c. The resulting image will be distorted.
    d. Both a and b is correct.
A

a. The resulting image will be larger.

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22
Q
  1. One percent of the energy produced at the anode is in the form of
    a. heat
    b. x-rays
    c. light
    d. none of the above.
A

b. x-rays

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23
Q
  1. The temperature of the filament within the cathode is controlled by:
    a. time setting.
    b. the source-image distance.
    c. kVp setting.
    d. mA setting.
A

a. time setting.

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24
Q
  1. Which is a characteristic of x-rays?
    a. Their total number produced is determined by kV
    b. Longer wavelengths have more penetrating power.
    c. Their intensity increases as SID (source-image distance) decreases.
    d. They diverge from a light source.
A

c. Their intensity increases as SID (source-image distance) decreases.

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25
25. The potential difference between the anode and cathode is measured in a. kilovolts b. kilowatts c. milliamperes d. centimeters
a. kilovolts
26
26. Higher kVp settings allows for a ___ mAs and ___exposure time. a. higher, higher b. higher, lower c. lower, lower d. higher, higher
c. lower, lower
27
27. Which of the following increases radiographic density? a. thinner body parts b. increased mAs c. increased density of the bodypart being radiographed d. decreased kVp
a. thinner body parts
28
28. Which of the following radiographs should have the shortest scale of contrast? a. abdomen b. thorax c. femur d. all are approximately equal
d. all are approximately equal
29
29. The primary exposure factor that controls scatter radiation is a. kVp b. mAs c. increased exposure time d. the collimator setting
d. the collimator setting
30
30. What do grids contain that controls scatter radiation? a. Molybdenum b. Aluminium c. Silver d. Lead
d. Lead
31
31. Where is a grid located? a. between the patient and the cassette b. between the patient and the x-ray tube c. above the x-ray tube d. under the cassette
a. between the patient and the cassette
32
To prevent magnification a. be as parallel to the film as possible b. be as close to the film as possible c. be as close to the x-ray tube as possible d. both a and b are correct
d. both a and b are correct
33
33. When viewing a radiograph over laterally positioned animal a. the head should be at the top of the viewbox /display b the head should face the viewers left with his spine at the top c the had shoot face with the viewers right side the head should face the viewer with spine at the bottom
b the head should face the viewers left with his spine at the top
34
``` 34. Any body part exceeding this measurement requires the use of a grid to reduce fog producing scatter radiation a. 20 cm b. 10 cm c. 2.5 cm d. 30 cm ```
b. 10 cm
35
35. Which statement is false? a. The use of grid is recommended over 10 cm object diameter. b. Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced c. The grid filters the scatter radiation d. The grid contains small lead strips standing vertically or in an angle facing toward the x-ray tube.
b. Using a grid, the dose of the radiation should be reduced
36
36. Which statement is false? The scattered beam a. is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff b. originates from patients body c. is disadvantageous concerning the quality of the radiograph d. is less intense than the primary beam
a. is negligible concerning radiation safety of the staff
37
37. Which statement is false? The x-ray beam is a. invisible b. makes chemical changes in photoemulsions c. produces light flash in fluorescent materials d. penetrates bodies without losing energy
d. penetrates bodies without losing energy
38
38. Which one does not belong to the basic radiographic opacities a. metal b. wood c. stone d. gas
b. wood
39
39. With the use of a grid we can a. reduce the radiation exposure b. improve the image contrast c. improve the image sharpness d. reduce the exposure time
b. improve the image contrast
40
40. Which statement is incorrect? The x-ray (is)... a. ionizing radiation. b. electromagnetic radiation. c. travels at the speed of light. d. consists of charged particles
d. consists of charged particles
41
41. What is not a normal component in the digital radiographic technology? a. x-ray tube b. intensifying screen c. grid d. collimator
b. intensifying screen
42
42. The attenuation of the X-ray beam does not depend on which parameter? a. atomic number b. object thickness c. physical density d. optical density
d. optical density
43
43. Which components are different in conventional and digital radiography? a. x-ray tube b. generator c. grid d. detector
d. detector
44
44. What is the main source of the radiation exposure of the personnel ? a. leaking radiation from the x-ray tube b. the primary beam c. the secondary beam originating from the patient d. none of them
c. the secondary beam originating from the patient
45
45. Which statement is false ? a. bones are more radiolucent than metals b. fat is more radiopaque than fluids c. gas is more radiolucent than fat d. fluids and soft tissues have the same opacity
b. fat is more radiopaque than fluids
46
49. Which statement is true regarding the radiographic image? a. The distortion is less on the periphery. b. Distortion can be prevented by centralization. c. Objects look smaller on radiograph then their real size. d. Unsharpness may come only from motion.
b. Distortion can be prevented by centralization.
47
50. Which statement is true? a. Image acquisition is faster in CR, than in DR systems b. CR systems are cheaper, than DR systems c. In the DR systems the cassette contains a PSP plate d. A reader or scanner is a normal component of a DR system
b. CR systems are cheaper, than DR systems
48
52. Which exposure facture could be used in small animal radiography ? a. 8 mAs b. 100 mAs c. 0,8 mAs d. 800 mAs
a. 8 mAs
49
53. Which statement is false? a. The mAs describes the number of x-ray photons . b. Higher capacity generators are required to produce longer exposure time . c. The contrast of the image is mainly based on the mAs . d. Scatter radiation is mainly based on mAs .
d. Scatter radiation is mainly based on mAs .
50
54. Which statement is false? In case of a chest radiograph a. Longer exposure time is recommended b. Smaller exposure values are needed compared to and abdominal radiograph of the same diameter c. The contrast will be higher compared to the abdomen d. Motion unsharpness is a common problem
a. Longer exposure time is recommended
51
55. Which exposure factors cause same blackening on the detector than 60kV/8mAs? a. 70 kV/ 16 mAs b. 50 kV/ 20 mAs c. 80 kV/ 2 mAs d. 40 kV/ 10 mAs
c. 80 kV/ 2 mAs
52
56. Which of the following is not an image parameter ? a. density b. sharpness c. magnification d. contrast
c. magnification
53
57. Which statement is true ? a. the overexposed digital image will be too bright. b. the overexposed analog image will be too dark. c. the underexposed analog image will be too dark. d. the under exposed digital image will be too bright.
d. the under exposed digital image will be too bright.
54
58. Which statement is false ? a. in case of wrong exposure factors the digital image will be motten. b. The S-value informs you about the exposure . c. The image can be motten both in over- and underexposed cases d. Digital systems require much higher doses than analog systems .
d. Digital systems require much higher doses than analog systems .
55
61. Which statement is true ? a. You don't have to use grid for the chest . b. You don't have to use grid about 10 centimeter object thickness . c. The use of the grid is often not required in digital systems . d. The create improves the image sharpness
. The create improves the image sharpness
56
62. The opacity of which organ differs from the others ? a. Urinary bladder b. Gallbladder c. Trachea. d. Heart
c. Trachea.
57
64. One of the following is NOT a form of protection against ionizing radiation a. distance b. shielding c. dose equivalent d. time
c. dose equivalent
58
65. A personal dose meter is a. worn on the outer side of protective clothing b. is obligatory for everybody c. indicates overexposure with light and sound signal d. records the effective dose
d. records the effective dose
59
66. The X-ray beam does NOT a. cause radioactivity b. ionize matter c. travel at the speed of light d. require electric current to generate
a. cause radioactivity
60
67. In veterinary diagnostic radiology adverse may include a. stochastic effects b. deterministic effects c. radiation sickness d. none
a. stochastic effects
61
68. An especially sensitive tissue type for ionizing radiation is a. the skin b. the bone marrow c. the nervous sytem d. none
b. the bone marrow
62
69. In case of deterministic effects a. severity is proportionate to dose b. there is no threshold c. the typical unit of measure is Sievert d. the most common result is a malignant tumour
a. severity is proportionate to dose
63
70. It is officially safe to put a hand in the primary X-ray beam with a. lead gloves on b. with nothing on c. with a double layer of protective lead on d. none of the above
d. none of the above
64
71. Radon a. is incorporated after inhalation b. is released from industrial fallout c. is generated by X-ray d. is absent in Europe
c. is generated by X-ray
65
72. X-ray photons in the body normally are NOT a. absorbed b. reflected c. scattered d. transmitted
d. transmitted
66
73. The structure of which tool is demonstrated in the picture? a. intensifying screen b. grid c. collimator d. cassette
b. grid
67
77. Why can be a structure more radiopaque than the other? a. It has the same diameter, but it consists of elements of lower atomic numbers b. it has the same material. but it's thinner c. it consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter d. it consists of elements of smaller atomic number and it is thinner
c. it consists of elements of higher atomic number and has the same diameter
68
80. Which statement is false? a. The canine tooth is located rostral to the tympanic bulla. b. The patella is located cranial to the fabella. c. The sternum is located ventral to the heart. d. The olecranon is located dorsal to the carpus
d. The olecranon is located dorsal to the carpus
69
81. What if the object is not in the center of the detector plate? a. The resulting image will be enlarged. b. The resulting image will be distorted. c. The resulting image will be unsharp. d. The resulting image will be overexposed.
c. The resulting image will be unsharp.
70
84. Which statement is true? a. You can't reach into the primary beam even with lead gloves on. b. The land club protects from the primary beam. c. If you don't see the bones of your gloved hand on the radiograph, then no radiation was exposed to your hand. d. Only pregnant women can't reach into the primary beam.
b. The land club protects from the primary beam.
71
85. What does acquisition mean in digital imaging? a. The clouding of electrons around the cathode spiral. b. The scatter of primary beams around the DQLPDO¶V body. c. The creation of picture from the electric sign. d. The equilibrium of exposure factors to optimize the image quality.
c. The creation of picture from the electric sign.
72
86. What is not true for DICOM files? a. They can be inspected with commercial image viewer programs b. Contain images of TIFF format. c. The x-ray images have a size of 10-30 megabytes. d. They contain metadata besides the image.
a. They can be inspected with commercial image viewer programs
73
87. Which statement is incorrect. Compared to the JPEG image is the DICOM fires are a. less appropriate for diagnostics. b. bigger. c. preferred more by the owner. d. cannot be inspected with a medical image viewer program.
c. preferred more by the owner.
74
A rarely performed contrast study in small animal radiology a. thoracic cavity infusion b. lacrimal duct contrast study c. laryngeal contrast instillation d. none of the above
b. lacrimal duct contrast study
75
Myelography is primarily used to diagnose a. spinal cord bleeding b. spinal cord compression c. spinal cord necrosis d. brain circularoty disorders
b. spinal cord compression
76
n myelography, a contrast agent is injected into the following space: a. epidural b. subdural c. subarachnoid d. spinal
c. subarachnoid
77
In the study of megaesophagus one of the following methods is NOT used a. survey radiographs b. barium sulfate paste swallow c. carbon-dioxide inflation d. feeding barium sulfate mixed with pet food
c. carbon-dioxide inflation
78
``` When is liquid barium sulfate entirely emptied from the stomach following per os administration in a healthy dog? a. after 1 hour b. after 4 hours c. after 12 hours d. after 24 hours ```
c. after 12 hours
79
Which one of the following retrograde contrast studies is NOT performed in dogs? a. positive contrast cystography b. negative contrast cystography c. positive contrast urethrography d. negative contrast urethrography
d. negative contrast urethrography
80
Which statement is false regarding the radiography of intestinal obstructions? a. the obturating object and the distended proximal intestinal loops may be seen on the radiograph at the same time b. the obturating object may be seen without secondary X-ray signs on the radiograph c. in certain cases the radiographic finding may be unremarkable d. contrast study is used in every case to make the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction
d. contrast study is used in every case to make the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction
81
Which statement is not true? In Carnivores the homogenous abdomen... a. may suggest abdominal effusion b. is normal in young animals c. is normal in cachectic animals d. is normal in obese patients
d. is normal in obese patients
82
What contrast medium would you choose for double contrast cystography? a. iodinated contrast and barium sulfate b. air and barium sulfate c. iodinated contrast and air d. air only
c. iodinated contrast and air
83
Which statement is true? In case of an intestinal obstruction a. the use of barium sulfate is contraindicated b. unevenly the standard intestinal loops are always visible c. the radiograph can be completely normal d. the gas filled stomach is pathognostic
a. the use of barium sulfate is contraindicated
84
Which contrast can be used to examine the urethra? a. Liquid BaSO4 b. powder BaSO4 c. organic iodine compound d. inorganic iodine compound
c. organic iodine compound
85
Which of the above organs can be generally seen on a survey radiograph? a. pancreas b. ovars c. adrenals d. aorta
d. aorta
86
The best method to detect the rupture of the ureters is a. double contrast cystography b. excretory urography c. excretory urethrography d. retrograde urethrography
b. excretory urography
87
Which statement is true? In small animals ... a. every uroliths are visible on the survey radiograph b. Urethrography is recommended to confirm cystolithiasis c. Ectopic ureters can be detected by intravenous urography. d. The best method to confirm urinary bladder rupture is negative contrast cystography .
c. Ectopic ureters can be detected by intravenous urography
88
Negative bronchogram is typical in which pulmonary pattern? a. nodular pattern b. alveolar pattern c. bronchial pattern d. interstitial pattern
b. alveolar pattern
89
Which contrast medium can be used in case of a suspected esophageal perforation? a. Liquid BaSO4 b. liquid BaSO4 and canned food c. organic iodine compound d. inorganic iodine compound l
c. organic iodine compound
90
In case of a tracheal hypoplasia the diameter of the trachea is less than a. the 1/3 of the length of the third rib b. the 20% of the thoracic inlet c. the double of the length of the second lumbar vertebra d. one intercostal space
b. the 20% of the thoracic inlet
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