what are the 2 main radiology laws in the UK?
IRMER 2000
IRR 99
what is IRMER 2000?
ionising radiation (medical exposure) regulation 2000
what are the duty holders in IRMER 2000? (6)
ERPOMR
- employer
- referer
- practitioner
- operator
- medical physics expert
- radiation protection officer
what is the main purpose of
- IRMER 2000
- IRR 99
IRMER 2000
- protects patients
IRR 99
- protects staff, public and equipment
what is IRR 99?
Ionising Radiation Regulation 1999
Calcifications are common to see in radiographs. Where can calcifications commonly occur? (5)
- tonsils
- lymph nodes
- carotids
- cervical cartilages
- stylohyoid ligament (Eagle’s syndrome)
What is the medical term for the calcification on the tonsils?
tonsilith
what scan is used to assess salivary glands?
sialograph
name the 2 types of sialography
radiosialography
MRI sialography
what are the 3 stages in radio-sialography?
- pre contrast
- filling phase
- emptying phase
what is the radiographic contrast used in sialography?
iodine
what are the indications for sialography? (2)
- Xeorstomia
- swelling of salivary gland
what are the contraindications for sialography? (3)
- acute infection
- allergic to contrast material
- presence of calculus at duct opening
describe a normal sialograph result of a parotid. (3)
- main duct has even diameter
- branches taper towards periphery
- “Tree of Winter” appearance
describe a normal sialograph result of a submandibular gland. (4)
- main duct has even diameter
- branches taper towards periphery
- “Bush in Winter” appearance
- duct curves around posterior border of mylohyoid
describe a classic sialograph result for a chronic sialodenitis. (2)
- enlarged ducts
- “string of sausages” or beading appearance
Isotope scanning
- how does it work (4)
- Warthin’s tumour vs other tumours? (1)
how it works
- IV injection of gamma ray emmiting substance
- absorbed by salivary gland and thyroid
- excreted in saliva like iodine
- gamma camera takes readings
most tumours decreases uptake of substance, but warthin’s tumour increases uptake.
how to tell if gland neoplasm is ___
- benign
- malignant
benign
- tumour displaces ducts
malignant
- tumour replaces duct
describe a classic sialograph result for pleomorphic adenoma. (1)
“ball in hand” appearance
