GIHEP > Random Stuff to Memorize > Flashcards

Random Stuff to Memorize Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a oesophageal atresia/fistula?

A

abnormal connection between trachea and oesophagus

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2
Q

What is a true and a false oesophageal diverticula?

A

True = all 4 layers pushed out

False = only mucosa + submucosa pushed out

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3
Q

What is the difference between oesophageal webs and rings?

A

Webs = mucosa folds only

Rings = mucosa, submucosa + fibrous bands

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4
Q

List 2 types of haitus hernias - which is more common?

A
  1. Sliding (Axial) - more common

2. Paraoesophageal (Non-Axial)

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5
Q

Is achalasia a functional or mechanical obstruction?

A

Functional obstruction - failure of LES to relax completely

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6
Q

What is the most common cause of achalasia?

A

degenerative - degeneration of the inhibitory neurons

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7
Q

What is a Mallory-Weiss tear?

A

tearing of the lower oesophagus after severe vomiting

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8
Q

What are oesophageal varices?

A

dilated veins in submucosa of oesophagus

  • may rupture + bleed
  • mainly caused by portal hypertension
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9
Q

List the 3 main histological features of reflux oesophagitis

A
  1. Basal cell hyperplasia
  2. Increased eosinophils
  3. Elongated lamina propria papillae
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10
Q

What is long-segment and short-segment Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Long-Segment = greater than 3 cm

Short Segment = less than 3 cm

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11
Q

Barrett’s oesophagus increases the risk of what type of cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

What causes Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

reflux oesophagitis

- may occur in ppl with GERD

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13
Q

List 3 benign oesophageal tumours

A
  1. Leiomyoma
  2. Lipoma
  3. Fibroma
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14
Q

What are the 2 most common oesophageal cancers?

A
  1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma - most common

2. Adenocarcinoma

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15
Q

How can a oesophageal tumour be diagnosed?

A

Barium Swallow
Endoscopy
Biopy

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16
Q

Where do SCC of the oesophagus occur?

A

upper + mid part of oesophagus

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17
Q

List some risk factors for SCC of the oesophagus

A 
alcohol
tobacco
long-standing oesophagitis
achalasia
Plummer Vinson Syndrome
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18
Q

What is Plummer Vinson Syndrome and what is it a/w? (hint: triad)

A
  1. Dysphagia
  2. Iron Deficiency Anaemia
  3. Eosophageal Web

Glossitis + Increased Risk of SCC

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19
Q

What are the possible treatment options of oesophageal cancer?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • resection
  • stent
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20
Q

What is the outermost layer of the oesophagus?

A

Adventitia

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21
Q

What is the outermost layer of the stomach?

A

Serosa

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22
Q

List some of the causes of acute gastritis

A
  • alcohol
  • NSAIDs
  • steroids
  • smoking
  • stress
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23
Q

List some of the clinical features/presentation of acute gastritis

A
  • epigastric pain
  • anaemia
  • haematemesis/malaena
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24
Q

What is a histological finding of acute gastritis?

A

influx by neutrophils + oedema

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25
What is a histological finding of chronic gastritis?
influx of lymphocytes + plasma cells
26
What are the 3 types of chronic gastritis?
1. H. Pylori 2. Autoimmune 3. Reflux
27
H. pylori associated chronic gastritis will increase the risk of what 2 things?
PUD | gastric cancer
28
In autoimmune chronic gastritis there are antibodies to...
- parietal cells | - intrinsic factor
29
Autoimmune chronic gastritis is also seen with other autoimmune disorders like
Hashimoto's thyroiditis | Addison's disease
30
List the 3 microscopic findings of chronic reflux gastritis
1. foveolar hyperplasia 2. vascular ectasia 3. fibromuscular lamina propria
31
What is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and what can it cause?
caused by gastrinomas (neuroendocrine tumour) that produces too much gastrin and causes an increase in stomach acid
32
What is the most common benign tumour of the stomach?
hyperplastic polyps
33
List some of the benign tumours of the stomach
- hyperplastic polyps - adenoma - hamartoma - fundic gland polyp - lipoma - schwannoma
34
What is the most common malignant tumour of the stomach?
Adenocarcinoma
35
List some of the malignant tumours of the stomach
- carcinoma (adenocarcinoma) - lymphoma - carcinoid - mesenchymal tumours (GIST, leiomyosarcoma)
36
List some of the clinical features/presentation of gastric carcinoma
- often asymptomatic until late - dyspepsia - nausea - weight loss; anorexia - abdominal pain - dysphagia - anaemia - haemetemesis/malaena
37
List the 2 types of gastric carcinoma
1. Intestinal Type | 2. Diffuse Type
38
What is Troisier's Sign?
- supraclavicular node - Virchow's node | - usually met to the lymph node from a gastric cancer
39
What mutation is present in GISTs?
C-Kit (mutation of CD117)
40
What is the treatment for GISTs?
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (Gleevec)
41
What is the most common types of malignant cancer of the mouth?
SCC note: most mouth cancers are primary
42
What is Xerostomia?
dry mouth
43
What is sialadentis?
inflammation of the salivary glands | can get sialorrhhoea or xerostomia
44
What is sialorrhoea?
hyper-salivation; drooling
45
Are benign or malignant cancers of the mouth more common?
benign
46
What are 2 benign tumours of the mouth?
1. Pleomorphic Adenoma | 2. Warthin's Tumour
47
How is a pleomorphic adenoma of the mouth treated?
Wide Excision
48
List 4 malignant tumours of the mouth
1. Mucoepidermoid 2. Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma 3. Acinic Cell Carcinoma 4. Carcinoma Ex Pleomorphic Adenoma
49
Which malignant mouth tumours presents with cribiform glands and has perineural invasion on histology?
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
50
List 6 side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
- hypomagnesaemia - osteoporotic fracture - C. difficile infection - pneumonia - vitamin B12 deficiency
51
List 2 genetic risk factors for the development of coeliac disease
HLA Class II - DQ2 | HLA Class II - DQ8
52
In coeliac disease, there are 2 antibodies that may help with the diagnosis which are:
1. Serum Endomysial Antibodies | 2. Tranglutaminase Antibodies (TTG)*
53
What would be seen on histology of coeliac disease?
- villous atrophy - crypt hyperplasia - epithelial damage - chronic inflammation
54
What are some extra-GI disorders a/w coeliac disease?
- Dermatitis Herpetiformis* | - Diabetes, Thyroid Dysfunction
55
Coeliac disease can increase the risk of what type of cancer?
Non Hodgkins - Enteropathy Associated T Cell Lymphoma (EATL)
56
What are 2 key characteristic histological findings of Whipple's disease?
1. lipid pools in the mucosa | 2. PAS-stained distended macrophages in the lamina propria of the small intestine
57
Why does intussuception of the small intestine happen in children? Why does it occur in adults?
``` Children = no anatomic basis (usually lymphoid hyperplasia) Adults = an intraluminal mass or tumour ```
58
If a patient has non-obstructive appendicitis and there are Warthin-Finkeldey giant cells present, what is the cause?
Measles
59
The main predictor of aggressive behaviour in neuroendocrine tumours of the small intestine is GRADE. What stain may be used to determine the grade in these neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumours?
Ki-67 mutation - determines proliferation index
60
Carcinoid tumours most commonly secrete serotonin. What are some of the effects of carcinoid syndrome?
facial flushing intestinal hypermotility (diarrhea, cramps) bronchoconstriction right heart abnormalities
61
What is the most common tumour of the appendix?
neuroendocrine (carcinoid) tumour
62
If there are multiple duodenal lesions/ulcers present, what syndrome would this be suggestive of?
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
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