RAP week 1

Question 1

What is the hierarchy of complexity in the human body?

Answer 1

• Chemical level
• Cellular level
• Tissue level
• Organ level
• System level
• Organism level

This hierarchy describes the organization of the body from simplest to most complex.

Question 2

Define anatomy.

Answer 2

The study of structure (how it looks)

Anatomy describes how something in the human body is made up and its appearance.

Question 3

Define physiology.

Answer 3

The study of how body structures function (what it does)

Physiology explains how the body works.

Question 4

What does the sagittal plane do?

Answer 4

Divides the body into left and right sections

It is one of the three main anatomical planes.

Question 5

What does the frontal (coronal) plane divide?

Answer 5

Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections

This plane is used in anatomical references.

Question 6

What does the transverse plane divide?

Answer 6

Divides the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections

It is another key anatomical plane.

Question 7

What does homeostasis refer to?

Answer 7

The condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

Conditions/variables regulated by homeostasis include blood pressure, temperature, ion concentration, pH and the vollume and composition of body fluids.

Question 8

What are the two systems that maintain homeostasis?

Answer 8

• Nervous system
• Endocrine system

The nervous system uses electrical signals, while the endocrine system uses chemical signals (hormones).

Question 9

What is a negative feedback system?

Answer 9

A system that counteracts changes in a controlled condition.

It helps maintain homeostasis by reversing deviations.

Question 10

What is a positive feedback system?

Answer 10

Reinforces a change in a controlled condition

It works temporarily against homeostasis until interrupted by an external event.

Question 11

What are the four basic types of tissue in the body?

Answer 11

• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscular tissue
• Nervous tissue

Each type has distinct functions and characteristics.

Question 12

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

Answer 12

Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities

It serves as a protective barrier.

Question 13

What does connective tissue do?

Answer 13

Supports and protects organs

It connects or separates other types of tissues.

Question 14

What is the role of muscular tissue?

Answer 14

Generates force to allow movement

It is responsible for body movement.

Question 15

What is the function of nervous tissue?

Answer 15

Uses electrical signals for communication

It is essential for transmitting signals throughout the body.

Question 16

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 16

A flexible barrier that separates the internal and external environments of a cell

It allows for selective permeability.

Question 17

What are the components of the extracellular matrix?

Answer 17

• Protein fibers
• Ground substance

It provides structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells.

Question 18

What are the three types of fibers in connective tissue?

Answer 18

• Collagen fibers
• Elastic fibers
• Reticular fibers

Each type has different properties and functions.

Question 19

What is the function of collagen fibers?

Answer 19

Large, strong fibres that provide tensile strength

They are found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

Question 20

What is the role of adipocytes?

Answer 20

Store triglycerides

They are also known as fat cells.

Question 21

What is homeostatic imbalance?

Answer 21

Occurs when the body’s feedback systems fail to work effectively

It can lead to various health issues.

Question 22

What is the nucleus of a cell?
+
What is the function of the nucleolus?
+
What is the Chromatin?

Answer 22

The nucleus contains chromosomes with genetic material

The nucleolus produces ribosomes

The chromatin holds protiens and chromosones (DNA)

It is surrounded by a nuclear envelope.

Question 23

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 23

Site of protein synthesis

Rough ribosomes produce proteins for export, while free ribosomes produce proteins for domestic use.

Question 24

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 24

Powerhouse of the cell

They are responsible for energy production (ATP).

Question 25

What is the **cytosol**?

Answer 25

The fluid portion of the cytoplasm ## Footnote It contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles.

Question 26

What is the function of the Golgi complex?

Answer 26

Modifies, sorts, and transports proteins | the post office of the cell ## Footnote It works closely with the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 27

What is **hyperthyroidism**?

Answer 27

A condition where the thyroid gland is overactive ## Footnote It can lead to various metabolic issues.

Question 28

Define **anatomical planes**.

Answer 28

Imaginary lines that divide the body into sections for reference in anatomy.

Question 29

What does the **sagittal plane** do?

Answer 29

Divides the body into left and right sections.

Question 30

True or false: The **transverse plane** divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Answer 30

TRUE ## Footnote The transverse plane is also known as the horizontal plane.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The **coronal plane** separates the body into _______ and _______.

Answer 31

anterior; posterior

Question 32

What is the **anatomical position**?

Answer 32

A standard position where the body stands upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward.

Question 33

Compare anterior and posterior

Answer 33

Anterior: Pertaining to the front of the body Posterior: Pertaining to the back of the body

Question 34

Compare superior and inferior

Answer 34

Superior: Higher than another point of refrence Inferior: Lower than another point of refrence

Question 35

Compare proximal and distal

Answer 35

Proximal: Relatively near a point of orign or attachment Distal: Relatively distant from a point of orign or attachment

Question 36

Compare medial and lateral

Answer 36

Medial: Toward the middle of the body Lateral: Away from the middle of the body

Question 37

Compare superficial and deep

Answer 37

Superficial: relatively close to the body surface Deep: relatively far from the body surface

Question 38

Compare prone and supine

Answer 38

Prone: Describing a reclining body - to lie face down Supine: Describing a reclining body - to lay face up

Question 39

What are the 6 components of a feedback loop and what do they do

Answer 39

* Stimulus - something that causes a change in a body structure * Receptor - a structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition * Afferent pathway - carries input toward the control centre * Control centre - evaluates input and generates output * Efferent pathway - carries output toward the effector * Effector - the structure that produces the output or effect

Question 40

Define the smooth and rough Endoplasmic reticulium

Answer 40

* Rough Endoplasmic reticulium: has rinosomes and produces proteins * Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum: does not have ribosomes and produces lipids for the cell membrane

Question 41

Define **active** and **passive** transport

Answer 41

**Passive transport:** moves substances down the concentration gradient (no ATP) **Active transport:** moves substances against the concentration gradient (requires ATP)

Question 42

Name the 3 required passive transport types to remember

Answer 42

* **Simple diffusion:** substances move freely * **Facilitated diffusion:** an integral protien assists a substance through the membrane * **Osmosis:** diffusion only involving water

Question 43

What are the 2 types of active transport and what are pumps?

Answer 43

* **Pumps:** require ATP to change the shape of the carrier protien * **Endocytosis:** brings substances into cell by forming vesicles from cell membrane * **Exocytosis:** moves substances out of cell when vesicles fuse with cell membrane

Question 44

What are vesicles and when are they used?

Answer 44

Vesicles are small membrane-bound sacs that transport protien in or out of a cell during endocytosis and exocytosis (active transport).

Question 45

What are Fibroblasts?

Answer 45

Fibroblasts secrete protien fibres and ground substance and are the most common type of connective tissue cell.

Question 46

What is the function of elastic fibres?

Answer 46

Thin, branching fibres that allow stretch and recall ## Footnote Found in skin, blood vessels and lung tissue

Question 47

What is the funciton of reticular fibres?

Answer 47

Thin, branching fibres that provide support ## Footnote Found in the spleen, lymph nodes and liver

Question 48

What is ground substance?

Answer 48

* Component of connective tissue found between cells and fibres * Functions include support of cells, storage of water, site of exchange ## Footnote Consistency of ground substance is dependent on tissue type

Question 49

What is the difference between specialised and proper connective tissue types?

Answer 49

* Connective tissue proper mainly supports and binds tissues, while specialized connective tissue is adapted for specific functions like structure, transport, or shock absorption.