1
Q
ABC
A
Antecedent, behavior, consequence. Also know as the 3 term contingency
2
Q
Which data recording method would be best used to measure the time between when a cue was delivered and a learner responded to the cue?
A
Latency
3
Q
Susan’s tantrums seemed to last longer with every passing day. Which data collection procedure would be the best to use to determine how long her tantrums last?
A
Duration
4
Q
Which of the following data collection methods might be used for determining how many times a learner says “oh no!”
A
Frequency
5
Q
What are the 3 domains of ASD?
A
Social Communication, Social interaction restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior
6
Q
What are some red flags a child may be at risk for ASD?
A
No big smiles or other joyful expressions by 6 months of age, no babbling, back and forth sharing sounds, smiles or expressions by 9 months, lack of response to name, no back and forth gestures, no words by 16 months, no 2 word meaningful phrases by 24 months, unusual prosody
7
Q
What is prosody
A
Little variation in pitch, unusual voice quality
8
Q
Explain the fundamental principle of ABA
A
Scientific approach that uses the principles of learning to understand the relation of behaviors and the environment. Consequences that follow a behavior control whether that behavior will increase or decrease
9
Q
What 2 components does a comprehensive ABA treatment program include?
A
Behavior reduction- change antecedents and consequences to decrease inappropriate behavior: stereotypes, noncompliance, tantrums, aggressions. Skill repertoire building— increase appropriate behavior management and skill acquisition
10
Q
3 levels of BACB certification
A
- RBT
- BCABA-Board certified assistant behavior analyst
BCBA- board certified behavior analyst
11
Q
ABA treatment team consists of?
A
Supervisor, RBT, parents, caregivers, speech ,OT
12
Q
Roles/ responsibilities of RBT
A
Direct implementation of acquisition and behavior reduction plans developed by the supervisor, data collection, assist with assessments
13
Q
Two roles of the RBT in assisting with assessments
A
Provide info about clients current skill set. Assist with behavior motivation during a formal assessment. Does preference assessments.
14
Q
Continuous measurement
A
Measuring each and every instance of behavior within the entire observation period
15
Q
Probe data
A
Doing one trial to make sure a child can do something
16
Q
Reinforcement
A
Presentation of a reinforcing stimulus or a removal of an aversive stimulus resulting in an increased or maintained rate of the behavior in the future
17
Q
Intermittent reinforcement
A
Periodic reinforcement; subject does not know when reinforcement will occur for a specific behavior
18
Q
Most powerful schedule of reinforcement
A
Intermittent reinforcement
19
Q
Punishment
A
Presentation of an aversive stimulus or removal of a positive reinforcement as a consequence for behavior that reduces the future rate of behavior
20
Q
Rate
A
A measure, quantity, or frequency, typically one measured against some other quantity of measure
21
Q
Positive reinforcement
A
The presentation of a stimulus contingent on the occurrence of a behavior that results in an increase in the rate of that behavior over time
22
Q
Negative reinforcement
A
The increase in rate or future probability of a behavior that occurs when there is a removal of a reinforcing stimulus contingent on a response
23
Q
Negative punishment
A
The decrease in rate or future probability of a behavior that occurs when there is a removal of a reinforcing stimulus contingent on a response
24
Q
Extinction
A
The process by which a behavior reverts to pre-reinforcement levels: the permanent removal of the reinforcing stimulus
25
Behavior
An act that can be clearly defined and observed
26
Dead man test
If a dead man can do it, it ain't behavior and if a dead man can't do it, then it is a behavior
27
Operant conditioning
Conditioning in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer approximations to is are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus
28
Discrete trial teaching
A method of teaching in simplified and structured steps
Instead of teaching an entire skill at once, it is broken down and built back up using trials that teach one step at a time
29
Natural environment training
When specific skills are worked on within the context in which they naturally occur
30
Partial interval recording
A procedure used to record behavior if it occurs at any point during an interval
31
Whole interval recording
A procedure used to record behavior only if it consistently occurred the entire time
32
Whole interval
Interval recording underestimates behavior
33
Partial training
Interval recording overestimated behavior
34
Momentary time sampling
A procedure that records behavior only if it occurs during the last 5 seconds of an interval
35
Continuous measurement
Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response classes of interest are detected during the observation period
36
Differential reinforcement
Reinforcing behavior in the presence of one stimulus while not reinforcing in the presence of another stimulus
37
Functions of behavior
Refers to the source of environmental reinforcement for behavior
38
Social attention
Function of behavior that is motivated by desire for attention from another person
39
Tangibles
Function of behavior that is motivated by the desire for an object
40
Escape or avoidance
Function of behavior that is motivated by desire to get away from situation
41
Stimming
Function of behavior that is motivated by self simulation--only purpose is as a vehicle for internal pleasure
42
Sensory stimulation
Function of behavior that is motivated by self stimulation- only purpose is as a vehicle for internal pleasure
43
Mand
Request for reinforcement
44
Tact
A label
45
Echoic
Repeating something that is heard
46
Intraverbal
A class of verbal operantd regulated by verbal discrimination stimuli
47
Feature Function Class (FFC)
Used to describe and understand objects further than just their label
48
Example of feature, function, and class
An apple: red, for eating, a fruit
49
Autoclitic
A single unit of verbal behavior that depends on other verbal behavior and changes the effect on the listener
50
Fading
Transferring stimulus control from one stimulus to another
51
Forward chaining
Teaching the first step of a behavior until it is mastered, then gradually adding
52
Backward chaining
Teaching the final step of behavior until it is mastered and then gradually working backward to the first step
53
Shaping
Differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior until the person exhibits the target behavior
54
Task analysis
The breakdown of a task into its individual components and steps
55
Motivational operation
Temporarily increases the effectiveness or values of a reinforcement. Temporarily increases the behavior that has been encouraged by that reinforcement in the past
56
Discriminate stimulus (sD)
A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will be reinforced. (Signal that reinforcement is available)
57
S-Delta
A stimulus in the presence of which a particular response will not be reinforcement (signal that reinforcement is not available)
58
Conditioned reinforcement
Occurs when a stimulus reinforces set behaviors thru its association with a primary reinforcer
59
Unconditional reinforcement
A reinforcement that is inherent such as food
60
Abolishing operation
Can decrease reinforcement effectiveness. Usually associated with satiation
61
Acquisition
A target that is in the process of being taught
62
Antecedent interventions
Recognizing environmental factors that can attribute to problematic behavior and making changes necessary to promote appropriate behavior and reduce possible triggers for maladaptive
63
Antecedent
Events that occur before a behavior
64
Behavior intervention plan
Used for antecedent strategies, responding to maladaptive behavior, teaching replacement behavior and what interventions to use, both verbal and physical
65
Behavior skills training
Procedure consisting of instruction, modeling, behavioral rehearsal, and feedback that is used to teach new behaviors or skills
Instructions, model, rehearsal, feedback
66
Behavior
Anything a person does that can be observed and measured
Automatic sensory
Escape or avoidance
Attention
Access
67
Automatic sensory
Providing self stimulation and is automatically enforced
68
Escape
Avoiding or escaping a demand or undesirable task
69
Attention
Can be socially mediated and seeks attention in any way from others
70
Access
Tangible, wanting a preferred item
71
Chaining
Used to teach multi-step skills in which steps involved are defined thru task analysis. Each separate step is taught to link together the total chain. Can be done either by backward, forward or total task analysis
72
Consequence
Something that follows behavior
73
Continuous measurement
Records every single occurrence of a behavior
74
Continuous reinforcement
The target behavior occurs and is reinforced after every occurrence
75
Deprivation
Not having something often enough and in return increases the effectiveness of it when used as a reinforcer
76
DRI (differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors)
Reinforce behavior incompatible with an undesirable behavior
77
DRA (differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors)
Reinforce behavior that is appropriate alternative for the undesirable behavior
78
DRO ( differential reinforcement of other behaviors)
Reinforce any other behavior other than the undesirable behavior
79
Discontinuous measurement
Used to measure some instances of behavior but not all
Typically associated with partial and whole interval recording and momentary time sampling
80
What is discrete trial
Learning opportunity initiated and controlled by the teacher in which the correct response will be informed.
81
Discrimination training
The procedure in which a behavior is reinforced in the presence of one stimulus and extinguished in the presence of another stimulus
82
Dual relationship
Situation where multiple roles exist between a therapist and a parent or client
83
Duration
Amount of time that someone engages in a behavior
84
Echoic
Verbal imitation
85
Error correction
When a client makes a mistake on a target that has been previously mastered, do not acknowledge the mistake. Represent the trial and be ready to prompt to get a correct answer
86
Errorless teaching
Prompt the correct response as soon as you give the Sd. Essentially, you are not giving the client the chance to make a mistake
87
Established operation
Increases the current effectiveness of a stimulus. Usually deprivation is associated with this operation
88
Ethics
Must follow the BACBs code of ethics. Failure to follow the mandatory code of ethics can lead to job loss
89
Expressive language
The ability to communicate. Ability to express one's thoughts, ideas, wants and needs
90
Extinction
Withholding of reinforcement for a previously reinforced behavior, resulting in reduction of that behavior
91
Extinction burst
The increase in frequency and or intensity of behavior in early stages of extinction
92
Fixed interval
This schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of time
93
Fixed ratio
This schedule of reinforcement is used for a set amount of responses
94
Forward chaining
Teaching skill steps one at a time from first step to the last and prompting all steps after the step being taught. Reinforcement after teaching step and at end of task
95
Frequency
The amount of times a behavior or response happens
96
Functional behavioral assessment
This is the process by which behavioral interventions are created. An FBA is intended to determine the function or reason of a behavior and then create an intervention based on that function
97
Functional relationship
How a person's behaviors change the world around him or her
98
Functions of behavior
Used when determining why an individual engages in certain behavior
99
Generalizion
Change occurs when that behavior occurs outside the learning environment
100
HIPPA
Federal protection for individual health info including confidentiality, integrity and availability of protected information
101
Imitation
Copying someone's motor movements
102
Incidental teaching
A teaching technique used in naturally occurring environments and can cause natural incidents of learning
103
Intermittent reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcing some but not all desirable behavior
104
Instructional control
Developing a history of reinforcing compliance
105
Inter response time
The time between two responses given
106
Intraverbal
Building blocks to conversation skills as it's ability to discuss, describe or answer a question about something that isn't physically present
107
Latency
The time between when the Sd is presented and the response is given
108
Listener responding
Following a direction given
109
Listening responding feature function class (LRFFC)
Used to describe and receptively find an object when given the feature, function or class of that item
110
Magnitude
Force or intensity with which a response is emitted
111
Maintenance
The ability of a child to demonstrate previously acquired skills over time and durations when reinforcement has been faded
112
Mand
Asking for something, a request that has motivation
113
Measurement
Collecting data on various skills or behaviors
114
Momentary time sample
Looking for a behaviors occurrence during a specific part of the interval and recording if it is occurring at that precise moment
115
Motivating operation
Change in environment that increases or decreases the effectiveness of a given inforcer
116
Natural learning environment
Naturalistic teaching is when the learner initiates a learning opportunity and the reinforcer is a result of the activity or learning opportunity
117
Negative reinforcement
Removing a stimulus to incrrase/strengthen a behavior
118
Operational definition
Definitions of behavior that are measurable, objective and obserable
119
Pairing
Establishing yourself as a reinforcer while building positive relationship
120
Partial interval recording
Involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs at any point within the interval
121
Permanent product
Tangible product or environmental outcome
122
Positive reinforcement
Adding a stimulus to strengthen/increase behavior
123
Preference assessment
Assessment to determine what a child is motivated by
124
Primary reinforcer
Items or activied that are naturally reinforcing
125
Principles of Reinforcement ((DISC)
Deprivation
Immediacy
Size
Contingency
126
Deprivation
Withholding of stimulus
127
Immediacy
How quickly a reinforcer is presented after the correct response is emitted
128
Size
The amount of reinforcement given after a correct response is given
129
Contingency
If, then statement is used to set the expectation for reinforcement to occur
130
Prompt
Form of assistance that you add in order to achieve a desired response
131
Prompt hierarchy
Expressive language hierarchy
Receptive language hierarchy
132
Expressive language hierarchy
Full verbal, partial verbal, independent
133
Receptive language hierarchy
Full physical, partial physical
Model, gestural, independent
134
Prompt fading
Gradually removing prompt levels needed or fading out the intrusiveness
135
Punishment
Anything that is added or removed after a behavior that decreases it, makes it less likely to happen again
136
Positive punishment
A stimulus presented after a behavior occurs which decreases behavior
137
Negative punishment
A stimulus removed after a behavior occurswwhich decreases the behavior
138
Rate
Ratio of count per observation time
139
Reactive strategies
Technics used in an emergency or crisis situation to gain control of dangerous, out of control behaviors
140
Receptive language
Receptive is listener behavior and refers to tasks that require a non verbal action or motor response such as touch, imitation or pointing
141
Reinforcement
Anything that is added or removed after a behavior that decreases it, making it less likely to happen again
142
Positive reinforcement
A stimulus presented after a behavior occurs which increases the behavior
143
Negative reinforcement
A stimulus removed after a behavior occurs which increases behavior
144
Replacement behavior
A behavior you want to replace an unwanted target behavior
145
Response prompt
Any prompt that is expressive or receptive language such as gestural, model, or verbal prompt
146
Role of RBT
Program implementation, data collection, communicating w/stakeholders, works directly with BCBA and following written program including BIP
147
Satiaton
When a reinforcer loses its effectiveness due to overuse
148
Secondary reinforcer
Items or activities that acquire reinforcing properties when paired with primary reinforcer
149
Setting events
The context or circumstance in which an environment- behavior relationship occurs
150
Shaping
The process of reinforcing gradual changes in a behavior so that the behavior begins to look like the target behavior while no longer reinforcing the previous accepted response
151
Skill acquisition
Developing new skills or habits
152
Spontaneous recovery
Reappearance of extinguished behavior after a period without reinforcing the behavior
153
Stimulus
Anything that elicits a response followed by a consequence
154
Stimulus control
Precedes behavior but affects the outcome
155
Stimulus control transfer
A process in which prompts are removed in order to bring the behavior under control of the Sd is achieved by prompt fading
156
Stimulus prompt
Stimuli that are used to help invoke correct response
157
Tact
A form of verbal behavior where thr speaker sees, hears,smells tastes something and then comments about it
158
Task analysis
Process of breaking a skill down into smaller, more manageable components
159
Token economy
A method used to try and reinforce (increase) the frequency of a target behavior
160
Topography
The physical form or shape of a behavior
161
Total task chaining
Teaching behavior chain steps all at once. Reinforcement delivered for independence and at end of task
162
Variable interval
This schedule of reinforcement is used for a variable amount of time
163
Variable ratio
This schedule of reinforcement is used for a variable amount of responses
164
Whole interval recording
Involves checking off an interval if the behavior occurs within three entirety of the interval
165
Whole interval learning
Observation broken down into intervals, the interval is only recorded if the behavior occurs thruout the entire interval
166
Rate
Kate's mom frequently alters length of sessions
To adjust for this, when graphing her target behavior, you calculate the occurrences divided by time, converting data to this continuous measurement
167
Latency
Teacher says point to desk, and 5 seconds later, the client points to the desk. This is the term that defines the 5 seconds that passed before the client pointed to the desk
168
Interviews and surveys are considered this type of measurement
Indirect measurement
169
Every time that Jayden asks for fruit, he receives fruit. What is this type of reinforcement schedule
What is continuous (FR1)
170
Training a skill in multiple environments, with multiple exemplars and incorporating common stimuli, can lead to this
Generalization
171
Deprivation, immediacy, size, contingency
Principles of reinforcement
172
When implementing extinction, it is always wise to plan for this momentary increase in frequency/magnitude of the problem behavior
Extinction burst
173
A preference assessment for an individual who does not have avid devision making skills
Force choice
174
In this type of preference assessment, the subject is given free access to stimuli and time allocated to each stimulus is measured
Free operant
175
Clapping, talking, screaming, flapping arms, grabbing items, smiling
Behavior
176
Criterion for a definition
Objectivity, clarity, completeness, environment
177
About how long should the inter-trail interval in DTT last?
3-5 seconds
178
"What's this" is a potential SD for this verbal operant
Tact
179
Request for a specific. Item or activity
Mand
180
When the learner shows an interest in a particular object and attempts to communicate a need based on that object; this is the RBT's response as a communication partner
Incidental teaching
RBT Training
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