reabsorption secretion

Question 1

GFR results in large quantities of ___ of plasma

Answer 1

ultrafiltrate

Question 2

60% of reabsorption occurs in the __ ___

Answer 2

proximal tubule

Question 3

sodium is ___ transported out of the proximal tubule fluid into blood

Answer 3

actively

Question 4

glucose and amino acids are ___ transported out of the tubule fluid by means of ___ ____ mechanism

Answer 4

passively

sodium cotransport

Question 5

Cl-, phosphate and bicarbonate ions ___ move into blood due to an imbalance of ___ charge

Answer 5

passively

electrical

Question 6

movement of sodium and chloride into blood causes an ___ imbalance, moving water ___ into blood

Answer 6

osmotic

passively

Question 7

about half of urea ____ moves out of tubule with the rest moving on to the ___ ___ ___

Answer 7

passively

loop of henle

Question 8

urea is important in the __ mechanism and ___ of urine

Answer 8

countercurrent

concentration

Question 9

reabsorption in the loop of henle

• water is reabsorbed from the tubule fluid
• urea is picked up from the interstitial fluid in the ___ limb

Answer 9

descending

Question 10

reabsorption in the loop of henle

• sodium and chloride are reabsorbed from the filtrate in the ___ limb
• where the reabsorption of salt makes the tubule fluid dilute and creates and maintains a ____ osmotic pressure of the medulla’s interstitial fluid

Answer 10

ascending

high

Question 11

proximal tubule urea goes ____; distal tubule urea ___ because of diffusion

Answer 11

out
in
diffusion

Question 12

distal tubule reabsorbs sodium by ____ transport but in ___ amounts than the proximal tubule

Answer 12

active

smaller

Question 13

ADH is secreted by the ___ ____ and targets cells in the distal tubule and collecting ducts to make them ___ permeable to water

Answer 13

posterior pituitary

more

Question 14

with the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct, the urea concentration of the tubule fluid ___, causing urea to diffuse ___ of the collecting duct into the medullary interstitial fluid

Answer 14

increases

OUT

Question 15

urea participates in a ___ multiple mechanism, that along with the countercurrent mechanisms of the loop of henle and vas recta, maintains the ___ osmotic pressure needed to form ___ urine and avoid ____

Answer 15

countercurrent
high
concentrated
dehydration

Question 16

increase osmolarity –> ___ reabsorption of water

Answer 16

increase

Question 17

reabsorption = ___ - ___

Answer 17

filtration - excretion

Question 18

reabsorption of water and electrolytes

• 2 paths for reabsorption
• H20 by ____

Answer 18

paracellular; transcellular

osmosis

Question 19

reabsorption = from the ___ ___ to the ___

Answer 19

tubular lumen

blood

Question 20

___: movement of water to ___ concentration from ____ concentration

Answer 20

lesser

greater

Question 21

primary active transport of Na+

- 2 paths

Answer 21

paracellular/transcellular

Question 22

primary active transport of Na+

• ___ ___ pump
• potassium ___ to be ___
• once Na+ is in the interstitial fluid is is ___ into the capillary

Answer 22

sodium-potassium pump
in; secreted
diffused

Question 23

secondary active transport

• 2 ways into the cell
• • ____ - Na+ symporter with ____
• • ____ - sodium exchanger with ___

Answer 23

SGLT - glucose

NHE - H+

Question 24

secondary active transport -

• sodium is actively transported out by the ___ ___ pump
• glucose out by ____ (facilitative diffusion)

Answer 24

sodium-potassium

GLUT

Question 25

___ ___: number of carriers in the renal tubules available to ferry each particular substances

Answer 25

transport maximum

Question 26

once the transport maximum is reached for all nephrons, further ____ in tubular load are NOT reabsorbed and are excreted

Answer 26

increases

Question 27

___: tubular load at which transport maximum is exceeded in some nephrons

Answer 27

threshold

Question 28

4 examples of substances who have transport maxs

Answer 28

glucose amino acids phosphate sulphate

Question 29

sodium is brought in via a symporter with ____ and an antiport with ___

Answer 29

glucose | H+

Question 30

water follows ___ by diffusion

Answer 30

Na+

Question 31

as water is diffused, ___ concentration of urea, ___ osmolarity and urea is ___ by concentration gradient by diffusion

Answer 31

increase increase reabsorbed

Question 32

from the cell to the interstitial space - __ Na+ out - __ K+ in

Answer 32

3 | 2

Question 33

Na+ reabsorbed --> ___ lumen negative potential --> ___ Cl- reabsorption

Answer 33

increase | passive

Question 34

Na+ reabsorption --> H20 ____ --> ___ luminal cl concentration --> ___ cl- reabsorption

Answer 34

follows increase passive

Question 35

Na+ reabsorption --> H20 ____ --> ____ luminal urea concentration --> ___ urea reabsorption

Answer 35

follows increase passive

Question 36

proximal tubule - ___% of tubular reabsorption - 7 substances reabsorbed - 3 substances secreted

Answer 36

60 - Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, K+, H20, glucose, amino acids - H+, organic acids, bases

Question 37

THIN descending loop of henle very permeable to ____

Answer 37

water

Question 38

THICK ascending loop of hence - ___% of filtered load - reabsorption of 6 - secretion of ___ - ___ permeable to water

Answer 38

- 25 - Na+, Cl-, K+, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+ - H+ - NOT

Question 39

NaCl and K+ transport in THICK ascending loop of henle - symporter of ___ Na+, __ Cl-, ___ K+ into the cell - K+ moves into the ___ ___ and the ____ - Cl- moves into the ___ ___ - Na+ passively diffused by the ___ ___ pump

Answer 39

1; 2; 1 interstitial fluid; lumen interstitial fluid sodium-potassium

Question 40

loop ____ inhibit the symporter in the ascending loop of henle

Answer 40

diuretics

Question 41

loop diuretics: - prevents ___ in the looop of hence - water will follow - ___ more - extracellular compartment ____ - cause ___ plasma volume - ___ blood pressure

Answer 41

``` reabsorption urinate decrease low decrease ```

Question 42

3 loop diuretics

Answer 42

furosemide ethacrynic acid bumetanide

Question 43

early distal tubule - sodium is symported with ___ from the lumen to the tubule cells - sodium/potassium pump used to go from ___ to ___ ___ - ___ diffuses into the interstitial fluid

Answer 43

chlorine cell --> interstitial fluid chlorine

Question 44

thiazide diuretics inhibits the symporter in the early ___ tubule

Answer 44

distal

Question 45

early distal tubule - functionally similar to ___ ___ loop - ____ ___ to water - active reabsorptioin of 4 things - contains ___ ___ cells

Answer 45

thick ascending no permeable Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg++ macula densa

Question 46

early distal tubule - __% of filtered load - not permeable to ___ - not very permeable to ____

Answer 46

5 water urea

Question 47

late distal tubule - permeability to water depends on ___ - not very permeable to ____

Answer 47

ADH | urea

Question 48

cortical osmolarity is ___, there for ___ urea is absorbed

Answer 48

low | less

Question 49

medullary osmolarity is ____, therefore ____ urea is absorbed

Answer 49

high | more

Question 50

___ helps maintain osmolaity in different parts

Answer 50

urea

Question 51

late distal and cortial collecting tubules ___ cells secrete potassium

Answer 51

principle cells

Question 52

principle cells - ___/___ ___ brings in the Na+ and K+ - leads to passive diffusion of ___ out of the cell into the interstial fluid, ___ into the lumen, and ___ into the cell

Answer 52

sodium potassium pump Cl- K+ Na+

Question 53

aldosterone antagonists like spironolactone and eplerenone inhibit the ___ ___ ___ in the principal cells

Answer 53

sodium postassium pump

Question 54

aldosterone antogonists compete for ___ with aldosterone

Answer 54

receptors

Question 55

Na+ channel blockers like amiloride or triamterene blocks the diffusion of Na+ from the ___ to the ___

Answer 55

lumen | cell

Question 56

late distal and cortical collecting tubules ___ cells secrete H+

Answer 56

intercalated

Question 57

intercalated cells - exchange H+ with ___ using active transport - H+ exported using ___ transport - Na+/K+ pump - ___ and ___ diffused out of the cell

Answer 57

Cl- | K+