Contrast the Ptolemaic system of the universe to the Copernican system. (Center)
Ptolemaic put earth at the center of the universe; Copernican put the sun at the center
Who did medieval scientists rely on for their scientific knowledge? Why was that a problem?
Ancient authorities/natural philosophers -> didn’t actually make observations of the natural world
What developments encouraged new ways of thinking in Europe? (4)
- Technical problems stimulated scientific activity, 2. Invention of new instruments, 3. Printing press, 4. Mathematics
What field of science provided opportunities for women? How?
Women could work in family observatories with fathers or husbands
What would be some characteristics of an ‘enlightened ruler?’
Allowed religious tolerance, free speech, encouraged arts, science and education
How did alliances shift after the War of Austrian Succession?
New rivalries -> France and Austria became allies and Russia joined them. Prussia and England became allies.
How did philosophers view war?
A foolish waste of life and resources
What are two key ideas of Montesquieu that have been hallmarks of our American system?
- Separation of powers, 2. checks and balances
Explain the concept of laissez-faire economics.
Government should not interfere with the economy.
What Enlightened thinker best espoused the idea of laissez-faire, and in what book?
Adam Smith; The Wealth of Nations
What argument did Beccaria use against capital punishment?
It doesn’t stop others from committing crime; it is hypocritical.
What are two ways Enlightened thinking spread among the social and cultural elites of European society?
The growth of reading and salons; brought people and ideas together
