who wrote “assessing the sociology of sport”, and what was it about?
Coakley, J. (2015)
- great sport myth
- sport is pure/good, which is transmitted to those who play/ consume it
- leads to individual/community development
**OPPOSITE**
who wrote “positive deviance among athletes”, and what was it about?
Hughes, J. & Coakley, J. (1991)
4 beliefs commonly accepted as factors to define an athlete:
1) being an athlete involves making sacrifices for the game
2) being an athlete involves striving for distinction
3) being an athlete involves accepting risks and playing through pain
4) being an athlete involves refusing to accept limits in the pursuit of possibilities
- athletes performing deviance without noticing it (posiive deviance)
- positive deviance: doing too much/going too far for something that is seemingly good
- athletes doing anything to stay in “the club”
who wrote “sports in high school/college”, and what was it about?
Coakley, J. (2015)
- contemplating whether school sports are good or bad
- ” - points for sports:*
- 1) involves students in school activities + increases interest in academic activities*
- 2) foster fitness/stimulate interests in physical activities among students*
- 3) they generate spirit/unity and maintain the school as a viable organization.”*
- ”- points against sports:*
- 1) they distract students from acedemic activities and distort values in school culture.*
- 2) they turn most students into passive spectators and cause too many serious injuries to athletes.*
- 3) they create a superficial, transitory spirit that is unrelated to educational goals.”*
- students are wanting to stay in the sports to keep “membership” of superiority
who wrote “groundwork for professonal college sports”, and what was it about?
Coakley, J. (2015)
- started with 4 year scholarships which couldn’t be taken away from students even if injured/low performance
- ended up with 1 year renewable grants in order to cut students out if not performing to the coaches standards
- NCAA dropped the 1.6 rule which made it a lot easier for coaches to have a wider pick of student athletes, even if not acedemically skilled
- students starting to act like professionals without getting any compensation on media coverage
who wrote “emergence of drug use as a problem in modern sport”, and what was it about?
Waddington, I. & Smith, A. (2009)
- 2 main reasons to ban drug use:
1) health/safety of players
2) fairness to competition - considers if the relation of sport and promoting a healthy lifestyle is accurate
- ex: soccer team drugging themselves to have more energy, but because of a delay in game, the athletes experienced a built up energy without an outlet, dehydration, and bitter taste
- tobacco/cigarette companies used to be the main advertisment, when taken away, people were considering this as “bad news” for sports
- concerned about drug use due to safety, but disregards any rules about athletes still performing when injured
- athetes diets are risky (carb loading)
- some drugs still legalized with very harmful side effects (cardiac disorders, CNS stimulation)
who wrote “building industry on athletes’ backs”, and what was it about?
Sack, A.L. (2008)
- college athletes denied benefits due to being amateurs (because the loss of 4 year scholarships)
- one year contracts giving coaches opportunities to cut unwanted players. Argued that this 1 year contract was to prevent students that aren’t as good to take up a role that someone better could have
- salaries of coaches rised due to media publicity but students still got nothing except for scholarship
- pressure from performance puts students at acedemic risks
(forced them to skip, cheat, take easier courses, take less)
- low graduation rates of athletes (41%)
- student athletes started taking payments that violated the NCAA rules
who wrote “image problem in women’s football”, and what was it about?
Harris, J. (2005)
**researcher discovering facts about women’s football outside college**
- ” 2 contrasting images of womens football:
1) college team presented as being predominantly heterosexual
2) outside clubs presented as very different indioculture of womens’ football (homosexual) - labelled as lesbian and have to defend their heterosexuality
- feminine= heterosexual in sport world
“women ‘too pretty’ to play football”
- most players were heterosexual (only 1 lesbian)
who wrote “Racial superiority in sports”, and what was it about?
Kerr, Ian B. (2010)
- blacks still getting the stereotype as being genetically good/naturals at sports
- no way to prove its genetics due to so many mixes of genes
- would have to study two absolute identical people as soon as born (not possible)
- dark skin does not mean purely african heritage
- considers different living lifestyles (environment, role models, etc.)
- top runner kenyan, yet other top 4 aren’t
- top female is Britain
- puts a bad image on Africans as not having to try as hard/train with difficulty fot success
