What was the Reformation?
A time of religious reformation sparked by unpopular church practices.
Who was Desiderius Erasmus?
Dutch Priest
First to seek reform in the church from within
Felt clergy were lazy
Inspired other reformers
What were some of the complaints about the Catholic Church in 1500’s?
Too much power, wealth, wrong teachings
Investiture - when Kings rather than church leaders appointed Bishops and high ranking church leaders.
Great Schism- 3 Popes claimed to be the Church Leader
Indulgences- where. people paid the church for relaxation of penalties for sins.
Who was Martin Luther?
- German monk
- 1517 he nailed a list of complaints to a church door in Saxony, Germany mostly about indulgences
- Didn’t want to leave the church- just wanted it to change
- Those who supported his beliefs became known as Protestants
- Was excommunicated
- Translated the bible into German
- He did regret his actions caused a split in the church
What were Martin Luther’s works?
- Wrote pamphlets, essays, songs
- List of complaint called 95 Theses
- Teachings were focused on having a direct relationship with God rather than through priests/leaders
What were the new branches of the Christianity?
Calvinism and The Church of England
What is Calvinism?
- Led by John Calvin about beliefs
- Main teaching was idea of Predestination - God knew who was saved before they were born.
- Common people could policy
- led to growth of capitalism
What is the Church of England or Anglican Church?
- Led by Henry VIII (8th) about personal reasons
- His wife didn’t give him any sons (heirs)
- Ended his marriage so he could remarry and have a son
- Pope refused
- Started his own church
- Kept most other teachings of Catholic Church
- Due to his split, it opened the door for more Protestant beliefs to take hold
What was the Catholic Reformation (1500-1600’s)?
- The effort to reform the Catholic church from within
- To try to stop the spread of Protestantism
- Led to the Spanish Inquisition
- New Religious orders- to win back support from those who left the church
What was the Council of Trent?
- Group of church leaders
- Held in Trent Italy
- Met 3 times
- to reform the Roman Catholic church
- Clergy to interpret the Bible
- Bishops had to live in the city they oversaw
Who were the Jesuits?
- Led by Spanish Noble and Knight Ignatius of Loyola
- Society of men who trained to teach people about Catholic church
What was the Spanish Inquisition?
- Roman Catholic Church organization
- Forced Jews and Muslims and eventually Christians out of Spain
- Hunted down and punished those who had converted who may have held old beliefs or traditions
In the 1600’s which parts of Europe were Catholic?
Spain
In the 1600’s which parts of Europe were Protestant?
France, Germany, Northern Europe
What wars broke out between the Protestants and Catholics?
France and Holy Roman Empire
Describe the war in France (1562).
- between French Catholics and French Protestants (Huguenots)
- French King (Catholic) wanted to get rid of all French Protestants
- Banned all Protestant religions and exiled Protestants
- A Catholic noble attacked and killed a group of Protestants
- War lasted nearly over 20 years
- St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre led to 3,000 Protestants being killed
What was the Edict of Nantes?
- new King Henry IV- was a Protestant
- Granted religious freedom to Protestants (except in Paris)
- Stopped the war
What was the Holy Roman Empire (30 Year War)?
- Began with an attack on Catholic officials in Prague
- King of Bohemia decided everyone had to become Catholic
- King closed all of the Protestant churches
- Protestants became angry and overthrew the King
- Rebellion spread through Empire
- Grew beyond religion and about trade/territory
- Peace Treaty of Westphalia allowed rulers to determine whether their country was Catholic or Protestant
- Inspired political changes
How did the Reformation affect other aspects of daily life in Europe?
Government and Social Changes
What is self-government?
- Protestants didn’t have clergy, priests, or bishops so each congregation made its own rules and elected leaders
- Leaders than wanted political power over their towns
What is Federalism
-The sharing of power between local governments and National/central governments.
