Reformation

Question 0

dates of the Reformation

Answer 0

(1517- 1648)

Question 1

Causes of the refomration

Answer 1

• Corruption among the catholic church
• Impact of Renaissance humanism
• Babylonian Captivity ( declining prestige of papacy)
• Critics and reforms of the Church
• Monarch resisting the over arching power of the papacy
• Resistance to the power of Charles V

Question 2

notes on Johann Tetzel

Answer 2

• (1465-1519)
• Authorized by Pope Leo X to sell indulgences in Wizen-burg
• Selling of indulgences became egregious

Question 3

Notes on Pope Leo X

Answer 3

• authorized the sale of indulgences to rebuild St.Peter’s Basilica, which was challenged by Luther’s 95 Thesis
• Excommunicated Luther after he burnt his Papal Bull

Question 4

Sale of indulgences

Answer 4

• Bought by members of the church to either forgive their sins or get a loved one out of purgatory

Question 5

Notes on Martin Luther

Answer 5

• (1483- 1546)
• Former Augustinian monk and teacher at a university in Germany, sale of indulgences sparked him
• wrote 95 Theses and nailed them to the church door
• Opposed the pope, in 1520 published his theology reform
• was excommunicated by pope Leo X in 1520
• Diet of worms
• Translated Bible in 1523

Question 6

Notes on Luther’s 95 Thesesd

Answer 6

• October 31, 1517
• basically things that Luther didn’t like about the Church
• He questioned the scriptural authority of the Church to issue indulgences
• First challenge of indulgences, Theses printed and distributed throughout Germany

Question 7

Notes on Luther’s Theological reform

Answer 7

• published in 1520
• Salvation can be achieved through faith alone, rejected good works as means of salvation
• the Bible is the sole authority
• the only two sacraments are Baptism and Communion
• all believers serve as leaders in the Church

Question 8

Diet of Worms 1521 notes

Answer 8

• Luther was called to appear before the Diet of Worms
• This diet was a council that could convict Luther
• They attempted to make Luther recant but he refused ‘
• empire then banned him, but he returned to wittenburg to continue his reformed Church

Question 9

Notes on Luther’s translated Bible

Answer 9

• in 1523 Luther translated the Bible into German, which was illegal
• Galvanized and modernized the German language, all people of Germany read it

Question 10

Notes on Peasants war in Germany

Answer 10

• (1524-1525)
• peasants were inspired by Luther’s ideas, this fueled the rebellion
• 100,000 peasants died at this time
• peasants wanted nobles to stop hunting out forests
• Luther condemned these actions and told the princes to squash the rebllion, Luther stated that they should still adhere to the authorities

Question 11

Notes on the Diet of Speyer

Answer 11

• refused to recognize the right of the German princes to determine the religion of their subjects

Question 12

Notes on the League of Schmalkalden

Answer 12

• 1531
• league of protestant German princes who wanted to stop Charles V from making a fully Catholic Europe
• France sided with Germany and tried to take down the HRP

Question 13

Notes on Pope Paul III

Answer 13

• assumed office in 1534 as the first of the “reform popes”

Question 14

Notes on John Calvin

Answer 14

• (1509- 1564)
• published Institutes of the Christian Religion
• from Switzerland, agreed with Luther but disagreed on the role of the state in church affairs
• believed in the idea of Predestination
• replaced the Catholic hierarchy with a democratic system whereby each individual congregation elects its ministers

Question 15

Statute of six articles

Answer 15

• passed by England’s parliament
• the seven sacraments were upheld
• catholic theology was maintained against the tenets of both Lutheranism and Calvinism
• the authority of the monarch replaced the authority of the pope

Question 16

Notes on Ignatius Loyola

Answer 16

• (1491-1556)
• established the Jesuits, requires its members have blind obedience and absolute faith
• swore to suppress Protestants, served as advisors to Catholic kings
• suppressed heresy through the inquisition
• established schools in Catholic nations to indoctrinate the young
• sent many missionaries

Question 17

Index of prohibited books

Answer 17

• was instituted in Catholic countries to keep heretical reading material out of the hands of the faithful

Question 18

Notes on the Thirty Years War

Answer 18

• fought mostly in Germany, first continent wide modern war in history
• culmination of the religious wars of the 16th century between Catholics and Protestants
• German princes sought autonomy from the HRE, and france sought to limit the power of the Hapsburg’s

Question 19

Notes on the Bohemian Phase

Answer 19

• (1618- 1625)
• Czechs(Bohemians) being Calvinist feared that that their Catholic King would deny them their religious preference
• defenestration of Prague ( threw Catholic official out the window)
• first phase of the Thirty Years War
• Calvinist King Frederick V installed
• Battle of White Mountain

Question 20

Battle of White Mountain

Answer 20

• 1620
• gave away the lands of Protestant nobles
• enabled the Spanish to consolidate power along the Rhine River

Question 21

Notes on the Danish phase

Answer 21

• (1625-1630)
• second phase of the Thirty Years war
• Christian IV of Denmark a Lutheran entered the war to bolster the weakened Protestant position in Germany and to annex German lands for his son
• HRE emperor Ferdinand II commissioned Wallenstein to plunder Germany and defeat the Danes in 1626
• Wallenstein disagreed with Edict of Restitution and and Ferdinand dismissed him

Question 22

Edict of Restitution

Answer 22

• issued by HRE emperor Ferdinand II, edict restored all the Catholic states in Germany that had been secularized before the Peace of Augsburg

Question 23

Notes on the Swedish Phase

Answer 23

• (1625-1630)
• third phase of Thirty Years War
• Cardinal Richelieu was concerned with the gains made by the Hapsburg empire so he encouraged Gustavus Adolphus to the join the cause to help the Protestant cause
• after big victories against Catholics, Adolphus was killed
• Wallentein was assassinated after contemplating betraying the emperor
• protestant states of Germany made peace with the emperor
• Peace of Prague revoked Edict of Restitution
• swedes defeated

Question 24

Notes on the French International Phase

Answer 24

- (1635-1648) - France, Holand, and Savoy enter the war on the Swedish side - Spain continued to support the Austrian Hapsburg - Henri Turenne, a French general, defeated the Spanish at Rocroi and peace talks began

Question 25

Notes on Lutheranism

Answer 25

- salvation by faith alone, good works can't get you to Heaven - the bible is the ultimate authority - the grace of God brings absolution - baptism and communion are the only sacraments - clergy not superior, they can marry - church subordinate to the state

Question 26

Notes on Calvinism

Answer 26

- predestination | - Catholic hierarchy with a democratic system whereby each individual congregation votes in its ministers

Question 27

Results of the Protestant Reformation

Answer 27

- Northern Europe adopted Protestantism - the unity of Western Christendom was shattered - religious wars in Europe broke out for over a century - the Protestant spirit of individualism encouraged democracy, science, and capitalism - Protestantism, specifically Lutheranism, justified nationalism by making the church subordinate to the state in all but theological matters

Question 28

Notes on the Peace of Westphalia

Answer 28

- Peace of Augsburg was reinstated, but Calvinism was added as acceptable for Germany - The Edict of Restitution was revoked, guaranteeing the possession of former Church states to their protestant holders - Switzerland and Holland were made independent states, freed from the Hapsburg dominions - Francd, Sweeden, Brandenburg (the future Prussia) received various territories - German princes we made sovereign rulers, which limited the Holy Roman Emperor's power - thus delayed German unification

Question 29

Peace of Augsburg notes

Answer 29

Allowed German princes to choose either Lutheranism or Calvinism for their specific state and subjects

Question 30

Effects of the Thirty Years War

Answer 30

- Germany was devastated and its population was reduced - age of religious wars ended, and modern age of sovereign states began in Europe and Balance of Power politics prevailed - Hapsburgs we're weakened, this Austrian monarchy lost most of its influence over Germany - Catholic and Counter Reformation were slowed - Protestantism was safely established in European strongholds - HRE ceased to be a viable political structure and the Germanic states would be unified for a long time - Calvinism gained acceptance throughout Europe - Anabaptists were persecuted and dispersed as a religion

Question 31

Notes on Charles V

Answer 31

- Emperor of HRE - sought to stop Protestantism and preserve the unity of Catholicism - tried to stamp out heresy - was forced to give up his mission to preserve Catholicism after the spread of Lutheranism in Germany

Question 32

Notes of Ulrich Zwingli

Answer 32

- agreed with Luther that the bible was the sole authority - believed the church worship should be very general and bland - Luther believed that innovation was important - disagreed strongly on the symbolism of the communion or Eucharist