reformation

Question 1

historical context: political 13-1500s

Answer 1

• popes had considerable control, at times more than kings

- owned lands, some controlled kings

Question 2

historical context: social 13-1500s

Answer 2

• black death erupted in Gobi deset in 1320’s, spread through trade routes
• high fever, aching limbs, vomiting blood, swelling lymph nodes which would burst, 3-4 days
• only effective measure against it was quarantine, Pope Clement VI sat between two fires
• spread by overcrowding, poor sanitation, widespread malnutrition
• loss 1/3 of european population, florence almost half
• best of the clergy died as they stayed back to help people
• jews blamed and persecuted
• christians thought it was caused by Gods anger at the sinfulness of humanity, made people wonder why God was so angry

Question 3

indulgences

Answer 3

• people paying money to the church to absolve theirs or loved ones sins
• only granted by pope and sometimes bishops and archbishops
• started to appear in the 11th and 12th century when the idea of purgatory became popular
• gave access to heaven for self or dead relative (from a pardoner)
• requires severe penitence
• wealthy buying their way into heaven, guaranteed salvation
• “as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs” - Johann Tetzel
• Pope willing to promote as it paid for building of St Peters Basilica

Question 4

Johann Tetzel quote

Answer 4

“as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs”

Question 5

irregulation of religious services and moral decline of papacy

Answer 5

• poorly trained clergy lacked knowledge of theology and practices
• many popes had children
• nuns and priests having sexual relationships
• clergy lived like princes rather than servants of God

Question 6

simony

Answer 6

• selling of church offices/positions

- in 1487 Church sold 24 offices, unqualified people becoming bishops and cardinals

Question 7

what happened in 1487

Answer 7

pope sold 24 offices

Question 8

when was martin luther alive

Answer 8

1483-1546

Question 9

martin luther 1483-1518

Answer 9

• ordained catholic monk in wittenberg germany where he went to university
• in 1510 he visited rome, appalled by corruption
• became increasingly angry at clergy and disgraced by sale of indlugences
• october 1517 published his 95 theses attacking papacy and the sale of indulgences, nailed to church door for all to see
• the printing press facilitated in the spread of the work at an astonishing speed
• pope viewed it as an insignificant disagreement
• 1518 Luther defied the pope by refusing to stop his crusade
• claimed that the church had erred when it executed John Hus for heresy, point of no return

Question 10

martin luther 1520

Answer 10

• 1520 published his theology in 3 separate works
• salvation could be achieved through faith alone, not good works, good works follow faith
• bible was soul authority
• church consisted of a ‘priesthood of believers’ not a hierarchy
• encouraged German princes to reform their state churches

Question 11

January 1521

Answer 11

Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther

Question 12

martin luther 1521-1534

Answer 12

• January 1521 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
• church responded by summoning him to appear at the Diet of Worms (an assembly of the holy roman empire)
• refused to change views and criticism
• emperor charles V declared him an outlaw and a heretic, should be executed
• german princes supported Luther, papacy seen as acting with too much power
• luther kidnapped by agents of Frederick III and taken to his castle, continued to work
• 1534 translated bible into german
• influenced spread across northern and eastern europe, many ordinary germans joined him and created the protestant church in north germany

Question 13

results of reformation

Answer 13

• unity of western christianity was shattered
• northern europe adopted protestantism
• religious enthusiasm was rekindled, not seen since middle ages
• religious wars broke out in europe for over a century

Question 14

why did the catholics create the counter reformation

Answer 14

• catholics converting, RCC losing income, followers and power
• a response to the gain of protestantism and to critics of the RCC
• revitalisation of catholicism

Question 15

when was council of trent held

Answer 15

1545-63

Question 16

council of trent

Answer 16

• corruption led to new ecumenical council called by Pope Paul III (1534-49) so RCC could reform and end the abuses
• believed only decisive papal initiative could eliminate corruption and clerical immorality

Question 17

CoT: reaffirmed doctrine

Answer 17

• declared salvation came from faith and good actions
• source of faith needs to be both scripture and tradition
• need of Gods grace and free will for slavation

Question 18

CoT: condemning heresy

Answer 18

• anathema
• index of forbidden books
• inquisition

Question 19

CoT: reaffirmed practices

Answer 19

• defined the number and meaning of sacraments
• emphasised the true meaning of the eucharist as a sacrifice of christ
• made rules about the form of the mass and liturgical music
• a wedding needs to occur in front of a priest and two witnesses and must be registered
• simony and sale of indulgences band
• improved quality of priests
• attacked abuses by requiring bishops to reside in their diocese and strengthening their authority by establishing seminaries to provide better clerical education

Question 20

CoT: rise of religious orders - Jesuits

Answer 20

• one of the most important orders formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1534
• motto “to the greater glory of God”
• dedicated to the education of youth and priests
• strong sense of unity, completely in solidarity in the pope, men of learning
• work resulted in: reform of RCC through education, spread of gospels to pagan

Question 21

results of council of trent

Answer 21

• reaffirmed doctrine
• condemned heresy
• reformed practices
• rise of religious orders
• rise in spirituality