Reforms

Question 1

All Reform Category

Answer 1

• Legal
• Local Government
• Military
• Education
• Economic

Question 2

Legal reforms instituted

Answer 2

• Introduced the court of law
• Freedom of speech
• Well paid judges and jury
• Avoiding corruption
• Western style system work

Question 3

Pros of Legal reforms

Answer 3

• Everyone has a fair trial
• Career opportunities
• True freedom of speech

Question 4

cons of legal reforms

Answer 4

• Favoured nobility
• No political trials
• Secret police

Question 5

Local government instituted

Answer 5

• Zemstvo set up in 1864
• Dumas set up in 1870 (intended to use them to support the traditional system of government)
• Zemstvo + Dumas had power over public: health, prisons, roads, agriculture, education

Question 6

Pros of local government

Answer 6

• new opportunities for politicians were provided

Question 7

cons of local government

Answer 7

• Police remain in control
• Provincial government could overrule zenstvo decisions
• Zenstvo short of money = practical options limited
• Voting system heavily in support of nobalities + landowners

Question 8

Military reforms instituted

Answer 8

• Military humiliated after defeat in Crimean war was a catalyst for reforms which prioritized army modernization

Question 9

Pros of military reforms

Answer 9

• Reduced length of service for conscripts from 2Y - 6Y in service, and 9Y in reserve
• Introduced universal military service for all 20+ males
• Military reform made army more civilized + efficient

Question 10

Educational reforms instituted

Answer 10

• New atmosphere for toleration and reform
• Lectures on European law + philosophy were allowed
• Scholars allowed to study abroad
• New breed of liberal professors replaced conservatives
• Poor students didn’t have to pay school fees

Question 11

pros of educational reform

Answer 11

• number of children attending elementary school increased by a lot
• From 1856-78 number of children in schools doubled from 450,000 to 1M+

Question 12

Cons of educational reform

Answer 12

• Student radicalism grew and teaching lectures “ appeared to be serving not only academic and economic purposes but also promotion of political instability”

Question 13

Economic reforms instituted

Answer 13

• Crimean war defeat demonstrated that economic modernization was a priority
• Russian railway developed from 1600KM in 1861 to 22000KM in 1878, this is considered small compared internationally and b/c of russias size

Question 14

Pros of economic reforms

Answer 14

• Growth in railways provided empire w/:

. Stimulated internal trade

. Greater internal coherence through improved communication

. pretty large increase in oil + coal

. New industrial areas emerged

Question 15

Cons of economic reforms

Answer 15

• Little reform in the government taxation policies
• Peasants forced to pay poll tax, eventually exempt from and raised 80% over Alexander’s reign