1
Q
need for regeneration in Liverpool
A
- During the 18th and 19th centuries, Liverpool was a huge port and therefore was badly affected by the industrial decline of the 20th century which led to deprivation in this area
- this was further coupled by high levels of crime such as vandalism and social issues in the 1980s such as the Toxteth Riots of 1981 creating an antisocial communities
- environmental contamination following industrial nature of Liverpool
2
Q
economic successes of Liverpool
A
- UNESCO world heritage site reflecting its historic importance as a trading site. This promotes the area on an international scale and global tourism (9% increase in overnight stays is implicit of visitors coming from greater distances)
- The location of two premier league football teams has meant that the success of regeneration has been sustained as it guarantees the movement of people into the area throughout the year.
- Liverpool shopping centre and the paradise project has been one of the largest flagship projects with all £1 billion of funds being raised from the private sector and which has established over 160 stores such as Ralph Lauren. This increases tertiary employment and therefore tax revenue for social spending. It has also meant Liverpool can compete with other major cities like London and Manchester.
3
Q
economic drawbacks of Liverpool
A
- local businesses have faced increased competition from larger scale industry.
- chambers of commerce may thus argue that it has forced many smaller enterprises to shut down.
4
Q
social successes of Liverpool
A
- Liverpool university has created ample opportunities for younger generations, creating and educated and innovative population to facilitate the growing job market. This also means people are more qualified and hence can help to attract investment
- Culture has boomed and Liverpool is now a hotspot for visual arts, in particular that of the Beatles (e.g. the re-imaging of Liverpool airport to John Lennon Airport rather then the previous ‘Speake airport prior to 2002’ and establishments like Tate Liverpool). This association with pop culture has led to the clustering and agglomeration of media and communication industries.
- The leisure activities and past times of residents have improved. E.g. the Paradise project has not only provided shops and nightlife but also a day-to-day café culture. The location of premier league football teams also encourages physical activity in the area.
5
Q
Social Drawbacks of Liverpool
A
- However, the leisure/tourism dominated nature and partial studentification of Liverpool has meant that local services have begun to cater for a younger people, reducing benefits for the elderly. The elderly are also affected by gentrification.
- most of Liverpool’s wards fall in the 10% most deprived areas, creating large social inequalities. Further fuelled by a housing affordability crisis meaning many residents can no longer sustain a city lifestyle and so have had to relocate to cheaper wards.
6
Q
Environmental successes of Liverpool
A
- The regeneration has catalysed the revival of the built environment. For example, the previously derelict land in the Albert Dockland areas has not been preserved through its status as a World Heritage Site, preventing widespread urban decay.
- The preservation of the dockland area through UNESCO world heritage site means it cannot be developed on. This has helped to sustain aquatic ecosystems in the area and nearby water.
- pedestrianisation of the docklands has led to a cafe culture and a nice built environment for people to sit outside in.
7
Q
Environmental drawbacks of Liverpool
A
-The higher population density and improved accessibility has inevitably led to increased air pollution and noise. Despite these not being that noticeable for transient tourists, for the residents I believe this will have huge implications on their health and tranquillity
8
Q
specific stake holders in Liverpool’s regeneration
A
- stakeholders and developers such as urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked within the Ropewalks partnership to refurbish historical buildings as luxury settlements and establishing an active residential community
- government provided the £5 billion funds for the scheme but also the framework and ideas for local government to act on.
- UN were involved in declaring Liverpool docklands a UNESCO world heritage site
9
Q
why did Stratford need regeneration?
A
- Stratford in the lower Lea Valley lies in the north of London’s docklands, forming one of the most deprived communities nationally which was greatly affected by de-industrialisation.
- There was a lack of infrastructure and the environmental quality was poor. For example, the greenway was littered with rubbish and imperishable materials
- Stratford also had no real function, despite sustaining elements of trade and industry
10
Q
Key stakeholders involved in stratford’s regeneration
A
- Global influences from the Olympic Federation as they helped to coordinate the infrastructure built and allowing the event itself to locate here
- National government provides the funding for this scheme and also identified Stratford as a region that should host it in order to reap the benefits of such an event.
11
Q
economic successes of Stratford
A
- Was home to the 2012 Olympics attracting international and national tourism. Tourism has also been maintained post the Olympics through the creation of Westfield shopping centre and West Ham’s home ground.
- Stratford has emerged as East London’s tech hub which has attracted unicorn companies such as Google, Amazon and Facebook, leading to clustering and agglomeration. This incentivised BT to improve broadband (super fast fibre-optics) to facilitate the nature of these companies.
- Westfield shopping centre is a world-renowned retail centre that is said to generate £300 million annually. Despite this being a benefit in its own right, the economic sector of the area now lends itself towards tertiary (from retail and tourism) and quaternary (high tech) employment.
- 12 major laws and finance firms located here, number of professional increased by 11.3%
12
Q
environmental successes of Stratford
A
- Air pollution concerns have been eased through the creation of 6000 Boris Bikes and an increase in Direct train access. As a result, due to people averting from cars air pollution has decreased by 8.6%
- There was a lack of infrastructure and the environmental quality was poor. For example, the greenway was littered with rubbish and imperishable materials. The scheme has cleaned these areas up improving the informal perception of the area.
- the area set out many BAPs (biodiversity action plan) over a five-year period which provided detailed analyses of local wildlife with key habitats and species marked out for particular regions.
- cleaning the river helped to maintain aquatic ecosystems.
13
Q
environmental drawbacks of stratford
A
- The Manor Garden Society Allotments -MGS, which were situated right in the heart of the park) were transformed into a built environment, thus altering habitats and meaning there is less of a buffer for CO2
- Also, the increase in commuters and population in general has led to a greater CO2 emission
- previous industrial site contaminated by a vast amount of toxic radioactivity. Studies show that there wasn’t enough time to build on the site and do a full decontamination process so this stage was skipped
14
Q
social successes of Stratford
A
- By 2030, over 20,000 new homes have been built in the park, about a third of which are affordable.
- cultural enrichment as there has been a decrease in the number of white British people (34-17%).
- Increased accessibility of Stratford. For example, direct Tube stop through the ‘javelin’ railway. This has meant more people are commuting for job opportunities, improving innovation
- Focus on education through University of East London that specialises in sports has led to an active and educated population (6.2% more are qualified). This could also see a decline in outmigration of people as with education, locals can now alternate higher sector local employment shortages, so the threshold population is met more effectively and hence services are sustained.
15
Q
social drawbacks of Stratford
A
- increases accessibility has meant that under half of the job opportunities created are undertaken by locals. This has created quite a transient population and therefore less local engagement.
- more cultural diversity has meant 14% of crimes are shown to be gang related symbolising a lack of social integration and rather cultural clashes.
- created a legacy of unaffordable housing and does mean that approximately two thirds of housing aren’t occupied by local residents. This is due to gentrification and more affluent populations now dominating the area
- This Has led to social problems like homelessness. (e.g. in Newham between 2009 and 2014, it increased by 6.8 per 1000 households)
- studentifcation has led to more noise pollution at night and increase in drug and alcohol related crimes (123 increase from 2014-2015)
16
Q
Liverpool Stakeholder views
A
- The fact that a large proportion of the regeneration was retail led has led to the location of very well established, in some cases unicorn companies. In the short term this will be successful for local businesses due to increased tourism yet in the long term many are likely to go out of business.
- Government will regard the regeneration scheme as successful due to increases tax revenue and spending.
- Residents have been forced out of the city centre due to rising land prices. Because a large proportion of wards are in the 10% most deprived this may mean their QOL has deteriorated due to a focus on inner areas, neglecting residential regions.
17
Q
names examples of stakeholders in Liverpool’s regeneration
A
- urban splash and Liverpool vision have worked within the Ropewalks partnership to refurbish historical buildings as luxury settlements and establishing an active residential community
- UN were involved in declaring Liverpool docklands a UNESCO world heritage site
- central government provided the £5 billion of funds of which £1 billion was spent on the Paradise project
18
Q
Stratford’s stakeholders views
A
- Residents have benefitted through the improved quality of services and leisure activities. However, there is not far greater competition for jobs as well as an affordability crisis for housing due to rising prices.
- Environmentalists may see the regeneration as a success as many techniques were taken to better the environmental quality helping to sustain ecosystems
- Government will see the scheme as a success as they have increased investment, greater tax revenue and improved the informal perception of the area. However, a rise in gang related crime due to cultural enrichment could increase crime rate and therefore social problems they have to deal with.
19
Q
named examples of stakeholders in Stratford’s regeneration
A
- Global influences from the Olympic Federation as they helped to coordinate the infrastructure built and allowing the event itself to locate here
- national government identified Stratford as an area of low economic activity and therefore one which should host the games
20
Q
economic successes of Cornwall’s regeneration
A
- Cornwall has emerged as an aero hub leading to the clustering and agglomeration of aircraft related industries
- increased accessibility e.g. Newquay airport for both commercial and tourist use. A partnership has also been formed between Cornwall’s council and private investors who aim to diversity the economy away from tourism.
- high tech aircraft industry has helped to attract a highly educated workforce to the area to facilitate roles such as pilots and engineers (more tax)
- EU recognised Cornwall as being less economically developed, aided enterprise zone status in 2014. The EU Objective One project has also supported 580 of Cornwall’s projects with their net investment reaching 3230 billion. The benefits associated with this status helped to attract TNC’s and investment into the area spurring Myrdle’s Model of Cumulative Causation. For example, until 2005 Cornwall had the fastest growth rate of any EU region.
21
Q
drawbacks of cornwall’s economic success
A
- Yet Cornwall’s enterprise status has meant it has had to compete with other areas for funding and has also had to pass concessions with businesses in order to guarantee their investment. This may limit the scale of success.
- The desire to diversify Cornwall’s economy away from tourism and primary industries may have put local enterprises in these sectors out of businesses meaning residents may be less supportive of the regeneration.
22
Q
social successes of Cornwall’s regeneration
A
- More educated and qualified workforce in the area which has increased local tax revenue has led to more social spending and therefore improved quality of services (e.g. healthcare and education) for local residents.
- Through the Combined University set up through the joining of two previous establishments which offer degree courses and help students set up their own businesses. The improved education and job opportunity through the aero hub have helped to prevent a brain drain.
- World’s largest rural fibre network whereby 95% have access to fibre broadband- the first British county to have this. This provides an incentive for investors but also improves connectiveness for residents and their lifestyle.
23
Q
social drawbacks of Cornwall’s regeneration
A
- However, despite a form of studentification in Cornwall creating a thriving night life and evening economy of bars and restaurants, it has shifted the focus away from the previous perception of a Cornwall being tranquil rural environment. For the elderly, who retire here, this may mean services are no longer tailored towards their needs and so they may benefit little.
- Students are often also quite transient and therefore have less engagement in the area. This can reduce the sense of community and also mean that in certain areas the threshold population may not be met.
- Despite lots of jobs being created many were simply displaced from the public sector into the private sector and therefore for locals who have limited qualifications and cannot alternate these labour shortages, this may increase unemployment.
24
Q
environmental successes of Cornwall’s regeneration
A
- Increased accessibility and a focus on aircraft related industries have led to a proportionate rise in emissions and therefore air pollution in the area. This can have repercussions in regard to climate change but also respiratory conditions.
- The built environment has improved its aesthetic appeal as previous derelict land has now been transformed into well-built infrastructure. However, this has changed its position in Coke’s index of rurality and therefore its function whilst also disrupting habitats and consuming previously untouched greenbelt land.
25
environmental drawbacks of Cornwall's regeneration
- Noise pollution from plane access routes cannot disrupt the tranquillity of resident’s rural lifestyle
- Increased tourism through things like the Eden project leads to more litter and therefore environmental damage.
26
why did Cornwall need regeneration?
- Rurally isolated area with poor transport meaning there’s little investment into the area.
- Seasonal tourism and therefore inconsistent employment and economy
- post-production industry due to the shutting of primary industries. Fishing industry declined (e.g. overfishing has meant young cod don’t live until their older enough to reproduce). Farming industry has also suffered, especially dairy. Tin and copper mining have declined due to decreased abundance of mineral and over competition in Eastern Asia where prices are much lower.
27
Stakeholders views on regeneration
- Younger people will benefit through increased educational and employment opportunities. Yet older residents may not as Cornwall’s rurality which they moved to for retirement is now tainted by increasing investment and noise pollution. Services may also not be tailored towards their needs.
- Local businesses will benefit as regeneration wasn’t retail led so there aren’t masses of increased competition. Instead there is a more qualified workforce moving in, of whom are likely to have a greater disposable income due to higher salaries. This can increase footfall and spending
- Government will benefit from the enterprise status as it offers a range of benefits, primarily the increased investment. More employment will also increase tax revenue
28
specific examples of stakeholders influences - cornwall
- National government was responsible for Cornwall’s enterprise status in 2014 which arguably attracted the investment. They also provided funds and framework to local government.
- Privatisation of certain industries led to rebranding. local businesses also diversified their lifestyles
- EU recognised Cornwall as being less economically developed, drawing attention to it for government action.
29
economic successes of Kielder forest regeneration
- Re-imaging took place around the idea that Kielder Forest is now the largest forest in England.
- 200 people are employed both directly and indirectly in the timber harvesting.
- man mad lake, which cost £167 million to build and was opened by the Queen in 1982 has helped to attract tourism. For example and expected 300,000 visitors annually
- largest hydroelectrical power plant in England with total water release set at a maximum of 1.3 million meters cubed a day and a total output of 12MW. This has not only increased employment and dependency on Kielder nationally as it is now a major source of energy.
- Observatory for dark skies has helped to attract a different subsection of tourism such as those who are interested in astro-tourism.
30
social successes of Kielder Forest regeneration
- Received a £500,000 government grant for a four-year programme to rebuild the community. This has benefited local people through improved services and leisure activities, improving quality of life. For example, the Kielder Water and Forest Park Development trust are equally committed to local engagement with local communities and people who are keen to see the Forest’s development
- Voted the most tranquil place in England by the campaign to Protect Rural England. This demonstrates that despite efforts to attract tourism and urbanise the area, it has still maintained its innate nature that locals moved there for. This will satisfy resident stakeholders.
31
environmental successes of Kielder forest regeneration
- The wildlife in the area has thrived. For example, nine endangered osprey chicks have already fledged with a further two set to fledge soon. This would mean that since 2009 a total of 42 osprey chicks will have fledged in Kielder forest, increasing biodiversity.
- Investment into hydroelectric power is an environmental success as it has helped to convert local energy sources towards cleaner methods. This helped to reduce CO2 emissions and therefore the associated risks with climate change etc.
32
environmental drawbacks of Kielder forest regeneration
- However, hydroelectric power does have may damaging effects on the environment. For example, it floods and starves certain areas of water, whilst blocking aquatic migration routes and destroying certain habitats. Unless, future methods are taken to combat this, it could pose serious threats to biodiversity.
- Increased tourism into the area has increased air pollution emissions and litter, both of which can damage the environment.
33
stakeholders views on Kielder Forest regeneration
- Residents will benefit through improved services because of higher taxes. They will also benefit through employment from investment. They will also support that efforts have been made to maintain the tranquillity of the area and therefore what people moved there for.
- Local businesses will benefit through increased number of people in the area due to higher footfall and therefore spending.
- Government will benefit from increased investment and tax revenue.
34
why was regeneration needed in Kielder?
- Located in close proximity to Sheffield and therefore its function was centred around steel making so when the industry went into decline there was widespread deprivation.
- Due to its location it also suffered from small levels of tourism as few people visited regularly
- Transport identified as a large problem (e.g. car owners had to travel 35 miles round trip just for fuel)
35
specific examples of stakeholders in Kielder Forest regeneration
- The Kielder Water and Forest Park Development trust are equally committed to local engagement with local communities and people who are keen to see the Forest’s development
- Volunteers work with the ranger team and other activities
- Investors which are projected to raise £40 million of funding over the next 10 years (e.g. the Calvert Trust Kielder and the Environmental Agency)
- commitment for future regeneration of Kielder, covering three stages of development between 2010 and 2034
36
regional, national and international influences on woking
- environmental surroundings have become derelict
- direct line to Waterloo meaning it has now become a hub town increasing migration due to job opportunities
- good accessibility by the means of transport like road (M25)
- TNCs such as Phillips have started to set up here due to accessibility to London
- trying to develop better communication links
37
what has been done in woking?
- improvements to infrastructure due to investment from the national government. the local government decided to spend most on this on the train station
- Woking's main train line has attracted country lines and drug related people based in London who turn to the Home Counties with associated wealth as a market. this had increased homelessness outside the station until the overhead shelter was removed
- local residents are starting to be priced out due to increasing affluence of commuters yet they do benefit fro increased night life and activity in the area
- location of larger well established brands might start to outcompete local businesses (bid rent theory)
38
how have the lives of residents been impacted by regeneration in Woking?
- elderly are starting to resent change as they are forced out to cheaper wards and live in a less engaged community
- young professional have started to benefit as can access London's masses of employment whilst living relatively cheaply in comparison
- their social live also benefits due to cafe culture and night life
- improved quality of services like education due to increased tax paid. e.g. more qualified population and close proximity of Surrey university which has led to the studentification of the surrounding area.
39
how have people's identities changed in woking?
- woking is considered to be an affluent town which is well developed and opportunistic.
- this has changed people's aspirations but also the perception of the place
40
regional, national and international influences on Minehead
- Hinkley point is a clear power plant which received investment from the Chinese Sovereign Wealth Fund. this increases employment and reduced the need for gov led investment
- Butlins holiday centre led to an increase n tourism
- cheaper goods abroad due to the global shift and industrial relocation means that Minehead's primary fishing function is less economically viable
- increasing affluence in the UK has led to more overseas travel and so less time going to seaside resorts like Minehead
41
Minehead statistics
- between 2010 and 2015 Minehead went from 20% most deprived to 50% most deprived
- number of crimes committed decreased
42
how has Minehead's regeneration affected different groups and their identity?
- student population moved away due to no local university and to seek a more stable, better paid job
- elderly people like the real aesthetics and tranquility.
A Level Geography
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