Reliability and Validity

Question 1

Differentiate Reliability and validity

Answer 1

Reliability: Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of measurements or data. In other words, it measures whether a measurement or data collection method produces consistent and repeatable results over time or across different conditions. If a measurement or data collection method is reliable, it should yield similar results when used repeatedly. Reliability is about the precision and consistency of the measurement process itself.

Validity: Validity, on the other hand, refers to the extent to which a measurement or data collection method accurately measures or represents what it is intended to measure. It assesses whether the measurement or data collection method is capturing the true concept or construct it claims to measure. Validity is about the accuracy and truthfulness of the measurement or data

Question 2

1. extent a measuring procedure yields a consistent results on repeated administration of the scale is known as………………………….
2. degree a measurement procedure accurately reflects or assesses or captures the specific concept that researcher is attempting to measure……………………

Answer 2

1. reliability
2. validity

Question 3

1. …………………………..describes the difference between the measurement and the part’s actual value
   2……………….. refers to how close two or more measurements are to each other, regardless of whether those measurements are accurate or not

Answer 3

1. accuracy
   2.precision

Question 4

1. Consistent or precision in measurement shows that the data is …………………

Multiple Choice Question:
1. Reliability refers to:
a) Consistency and precision in measurement
b) Accuracy and truthfulness in measurement
c) Capturing the intended concept accurately
d) None of the above

Fill in the Blanks:
1. If the measurement is consistent, it should be ________.
2. Reliability assesses whether the same results would be obtained if the investigation is carried out again by different researchers using the same ________.
3. Subject error, subject bias, observer error, and observer bias are factors that can affect the ________ of measurements.
4. Reliability focuses on the ________ and ________ of measurements.

Answer 4

1. reliable
   Answer: a) Consistency and precision in measurement

Answers:
1. repeatable
2. methods
3. reliability
4. consistency, precision

Question 5

Multiple Choice Question:
1. Validity is concerned with:
a) Consistency and precision in measurement
b) Accuracy and truthfulness in measurement
c) Capturing the intended concept accurately
d) None of the above

Fill in the Blanks:
1. Validity is about whether the study scientifically answers the ________ intended or not.
2. Validity assesses whether the evidence reflects the ________ under investigation.
3. The researcher aims to find out and establish ________ the study is about.
4.Validity is about…………………….or ………………………

Answer 5

Answer: c) Capturing the intended concept accurately

Answers:
1. question
2. reality
3. what
4. accuracy or reality

Question 6

1…………………… refers to the
difference between an observed or calculated
value and the …………….. value .

2. This difference can arise due to a variety of factors such as ……………………
   error, ………………….. erro,…………….. error, or even the limitations of the
   ……………………….. used.

3………………………….
refers to the actual or population mean of a particular variable.
It represents the average value of the variable across the entire population.

Answer 6

1. Error
2. measurement, human, statistical models used

Question 7

differentiate between systemic error and random error

Answer 7

Systemic error
the consistent or persistent
difference between the observed or
measured value and the true value

*arises from flaws in the experimental
design, measurement instruments, or
data collection process

*can have a significant impact on
statistical analyses and conclusions

*discovered experimentally by comparing a given result with a measurement of the same quantity performed using different method or by using a more accurate measuring instrument.
*can be eliminated by using proper technique, calibrating equipment and employing standards

Random error
* refers to the unpredictable or random
variation in the observed or measured value

*caused by chance factors such as natural
variation in the population, measurement
errors, or sampling variation

discovered by performing measurement of same quantity number of times under same conditions

*generally distributed evenly around the true
value and cancel out over time with repeated
measurements
*can be reduced by taking average of a large number of observations

Question 8

Systemic error:
Multiple Choice Question:
1. Systemic error refers to:
a) Consistent or persistent difference between the observed or measured value and the true value
b) Unpredictable or random variation in the observed or measured value
c) Measurement errors caused by chance factors
d) None of the above

Random error:
Multiple Choice Question:
1. Random error refers to:
a) Consistent or persistent difference between the observed or measured value and the true value
b) Unpredictable or random variation in the observed or measured value
c) Measurement errors caused by chance factors
d) None of the above

Fill in the Blanks:
1. Systemic error arises from flaws in the experimental design, measurement instruments, or data collection ________.
2. Random error is caused by chance factors such as natural variation in the population, measurement errors, or ________ variation.
3. Random errors are generally distributed evenly around the ________ value and cancel out over time with repeated measurements.

Answer 8

Answer: a) Consistent or persistent difference between the observed or measured value and the true value
Answer: b) Unpredictable or random variation in the observed or measured value
Answers:
1. process
2. sampling
3. true

Question 9

Critical Questions:

1. What is systemic error?
   a) The unpredictable or random variation in the observed value
   b) The consistent or persistent difference between the observed value and the true value
   c) The flaws in the experimental design
   d) The canceling out of errors over time with repeated measurements
2. What causes random error?
   a) Natural variation in the population, measurement errors, or sampling variation
   b) Flaws in the experimental design
   c) Systemic errors
   d) Canceling out of errors over time with repeated measurements

Fill in the Blanks:

1. Systemic error arises from flaws in the ________, measurement instruments, or data collection process.
2. Random error is caused by chance factors such as natural variation in the population, measurement errors, or ________.
3. Random errors are generally distributed ________ around the true value and cancel out over time with repeated measurements.

Answers:

Answer 9

Answer: b) The consistent or persistent difference between the observed value and the true value
Answer: a) Natural variation in the population, measurement errors, or sampling variation

1. experimental design
2. sampling variation
3. evenly

Question 10

Critical Questions:

1. What type of error is associated with a loss of reliability?
   a) Random error
   b) Systematic error
   c) Measurement error
   d) None of the above
2. What type of error is associated with a loss of validity?
   a) Random error
   b) Systematic error
   c) Measurement error
   d) None of the above
3. Which type of error results from flaws in the experimental design, measurement instruments, or data collection process?
   a) Random error
   b) Systematic error
   c) Measurement error
   d) None of the above
4. What is the impact of a loss of reliability on statistical analyses and conclusions?
   a) It leads to systematic error
   b) It leads to random error
   c) It has no impact on statistical analyses and conclusions
   d) It cannot be determined
5. How does a loss of validity affect the accuracy of the study’s findings?
   a) It introduces random errors
   b) It introduces systematic errors
   c) It has no impact on the accuracy of the study’s findings
   d) It cannot be determined
6. Loss of reliability results in …………….. errors
7. Loss of validity results in ……………….. error

Answer 10

Answers:
1. a) Random error
2. b) Systematic error
3. b) Systematic error
4. b) It leads to random error
5. b) It introduces systematic errors
6. random
7.systemic