What is the main complication of medullary sponge kidney (MSK)?
What is the classic triad of medullary sponge kidney (MSK)?
Recurrent renal stones ⭐
Recurrent renal stones, urinary tract infections, haematuria ⭐
What is the effect of pregnancy on medullary sponge kidney (MSK)?
What physiological change in pregnancy increases urinary stasis?
Increased risk of kidney stone formation ⭐
Progesterone-induced ureteric dilation
↑ calcium excretion
Why does medullary sponge kidney (MSK) predispose to stone (especially calcium stones) formation?
Urinary stasis due to dilated collecting ducts
https://webpath.med.utah.edu/jpeg1/RENAL214.jpg
medullary pyramid is found to have dilated tubules and numerous small cysts.
Does medullary sponge kidney (MSK) lead to end-stage renal failure?
No ⭐
What is the key pathological feature of medullary sponge kidney (MSK)?
Dilatation of the collecting ducts ⭐
MSK = dilated ducts → stasis → calcium stones (benign kidney)
https://webpath.med.utah.edu/jpeg1/RENAL214.jpg
medullary pyramid is found to have dilated tubules and numerous small cysts.
What metabolic abnormalities are associated with medullary sponge kidney (MSK)?
Hypocitraturia and distal renal tubular acidosis
A young patient with CKD, sensorineural deafness and family history of renal disease — what eye abnormality is expected?
Anterior lenticonus ⭐ (Alport syndrome)
Cone-shaped protrusion of the anterior lens surface ⭐
Alport = kidney + ear + eye（lenticonus）
What is the underlying defect in Alport syndrome?
What inheritance pattern is most common in Alport syndrome?
Mutation in type IV collagen affecting basement membranes ⭐
X-linked dominant ⭐
What is the core pathological difference between nephritic and nephrotic syndrome?
Nephritic syndrome is caused by inflammatory glomerular injury with haematuria and reduced GFR, whereas nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased glomerular permeability to protein leading to heavy proteinuria and oedema ⭐
What are the four classic features of nephrotic syndrome?
Heavy proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), hypoalbuminaemia, oedema and hyperlipidaemia ⭐
What are the key clinical features of nephritic syndrome?
Haematuria, hypertension, reduced renal function and oliguria, often with RBC casts ⭐
Which urinary finding strongly suggests nephritic rather than nephrotic syndrome?
Red blood cell casts ⭐
Why does nephrotic syndrome cause hypercholesterolaemia?
The liver increases lipoprotein synthesis in response to heavy protein loss and hypoalbuminaemia ⭐
Why is thrombosis risk increased in nephrotic syndrome?
Loss of anticoagulant proteins such as antithrombin III in urine leads to a hypercoagulable state ⭐
Which nephrotic syndrome is classically associated with renal vein thrombosis?
Membranous nephropathy ⭐
How can post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis be distinguished from IgA nephropathy by timing after infection?
PSGN typically occurs 1–3 weeks after infection, whereas IgA nephropathy causes haematuria within days of a mucosal infection ⭐
Which glomerular diseases commonly cause low complement levels?
Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, lupus nephritis and MPGN ⭐
Which glomerular diseases usually have normal complement levels despite nephritic features?
IgA nephropathy, anti-GBM disease and ANCA-associated vasculitis ⭐
What is the most likely nephrotic syndrome in a child with oedema and selective proteinuria?
Minimal change disease ⭐
Which nephrotic syndrome is commonly associated with malignancy in adults?
Membranous nephropathy ⭐
Which renal diagnosis should be suspected in a patient with haemoptysis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
Anti-GBM disease (Goodpasture syndrome) or ANCA-associated vasculitis ⭐
What is the classic pathological lesion in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis?
Crescent formation on renal biopsy ⭐
How does diabetic nephropathy usually present in MRCP-style questions?
Proteinuria/nephrotic features with diabetes and often associated diabetic retinopathy ⭐
Nephritic
haematuria
RBC casts
hypertension
oliguria
creatinine up
inflammation
PSGN / IgA / RPGN / lupus / vasculitis
