Renal Najeeb

Question 1

The amount of creatinine in the blood is a measure of:

Answer 1

renal Function

Question 2

If you eat an excessive amount of meat, in a short amount of time, the levels of ___ in your blood goes up.

Answer 2

Urea in your blood

Question 3

What can cause urea levels in your blood to rise?

Answer 3

MANY conditions, including:

• Excessive sweating (dehydration),
• severe diarrhea (dehydration),
• excessive vomiting (dehydration),
• polyuria (dehydration);
• high-protein diet;
• renal Failure

Question 4

The gold standard measurement / Lab value for checking renal Function is:

Answer 4

Serum creatinine

Question 5

A person with 2 healthy kidneys has ___ nephrons in his body

Answer 5

2 – 2.5 million nephrons TOTAL in his body;

(~1 million nephrons PER kidney)

Question 6

Can a highly lipid-soluble Drug be eliminated from the body via the Hepatobiliary system?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Can a highly lipid-soluble Drug be eliminated from the body via the Kidneys?

Answer 7

No

Question 8

A very lipid-soluble substance cannot be eliminated from the body via the liver, nor via the kidneys. So how can a highly lipid-soluble substance be eliminated from the body?

Answer 8

Convert the lipid-soluble substance, into a Water-soluble substance

Question 9

The name for the process of converting a Lipid-soluble (lipophilic) substance into a Water-soluble substance:

Answer 9

Biotransformation

Question 10

Urea levels in the blood is a sign of the breakdown of _____.

Answer 10

proteins

Question 11

When talking about breakdown of drugs and metabolites, what is meant by the term “Biotransformation”?

Answer 11

Turn an otherwise lipid-soluble (lipophilic) substance into a water-soluble (hydrophilic) substance

Question 12

1. What is a Biotransformation Type 1 (or Phase One) rxn?
2. What happens in such a rxn?

Answer 12

1. When a molecule/drug is modified (via redox and hydrolytic reactions) to express a functional group/moiety that is more polar.
2. This is done by converting the parent drug to a More polar metabolite, or unmasking a polar functional group, such as an -OH, -NH₂, or an -SH

Question 13

What is Phase 2 biotransformation?

Answer 13

an endogenous substrate such as:

• glucuronic acid,
• sulfuric acid,
• acetic acid, or an
• amino acid

combines with the newly incorporated functional group to form a highly polar Conjugate.

Question 14

What do the Kidneys help to Regulate?

Answer 14

H₂O balance;

Electrolyte balance;

pH balance

Question 15

Which Electrolytes do the Kidneys help to regulate?

Answer 15

Na;

K

Question 16

What is the normal Na⁺ Range in your body?

Answer 16

135 - 145 millimol per Liter; or

135 - 145 milliEquivalents per Liter (mEq/L)

Question 17

What is the normal K⁺ Range in your body?

Answer 17

3. 5 - 5.5 mmol per Liter; or
4. 5 - 5.5 milliEquivalents (mEq) per Liter

Question 18

Left off at

Answer 18

36:32

Question 19

What important proteins are involved in Phase One Biotransformation rxns?

Answer 19

Cytochrome P450

Question 20

Name the specific types of reactions that occur in Phase 2 Biotransformation:

Answer 20

• acetylation
• glucuronidation
• glutathione conjugation
• glycine conjugation
• methylation
• sulfation

Question 21

The [right/left] suprarenal Vein connects directly to the IVC.

Answer 21

right

Question 22

What is the path from the left adrenal/suprarenal Vein to the IVC?

Answer 22

Unlike the right suprarenal, the left adrenal vein makes an extra stop at the left renal vein, which connects to the IVC