what component of the glomerular filtration membrane is initially responsible for stopping large plasma proteins
endothelium
what % of cardiac output is received by each individual kidney
10%
how does glomerular filtrate become urine
undergoes tubular modification
what is the typical glomerular filtration rate (ml/min) in adult males
125
what hormone is produced by the kidneys
erythropoietin- stimulates red blood cell production in bone marrow, produced by interstitial cells in kidneys in response to low oxygen
what enzyme do the kidneys secrete
renin
the kidneys are retroperitoneal what does this mean
the most direct anatomical access to the kidneys is from the flank
what are the functions of the kidney
-excreting waste products
- regulation of blood pH, osmolarity, glucose and volume
- regulation of blood pressure
what are the three layers of tissue that surround each kidney
innermost renal capsule, the adipose capsule and the outer renal fascia
what is the functional unit of the kidney
nephron
describe the drainage system of the kidneys
cup-like structures collect urine from the papillary ducts of the papilla
what makes up the parenchyma of the kidney
renal cortex and renal medulla
how does the nervous system influence kidney function
supplied by renal plexus (sympathetic division of ANS), sympathetic vasomotor nerves regulate blood flow and renal resistance by altering arterioles
what are the three functions of a nephron
glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion
describe the path of urine during draining
collecting duct, papillary duct in renal pyramid, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter and urinary bladder
what does a renal tubule consist of
proximal convoluted tube, distal convoluted tube, loop of henle
what are the two types of nephrons and their function
a cortical nephron- glomerulus on outer part of cortex and short loop of henle (lot more common)
juxtamedullary nephron- glomerulus deep in the cortex with long loop of henle
what is renal corpuscle
the bowman’s capsule+ glomerulus (site if plasma filtration to form filtrate)
describe the histology of the Bowmans capsule
contains visceral layer consisting of podocytes (encapsulates blood supply) and parental layer which forms outer wall of capsule
what is the renal tubule and collecting duct mostly made up of
simple cuboidal
what is glomerular filtration enhanced by
thinness of membrane and large surface area of capillaries, glomerular capillary blood pressure is high due to small size of efferent arteriole
