Reproductive

Question 1

What is the purpose of the reproductive system?

Answer 1

The generation of the next person / human.

Question 2

What is the function of the gonads in the reproductive system?

Answer 2

To produce gametes and hormones. In females it is the ovaries, males the testes.

Question 3

Labia minora is one of the six sections of the females genitalia. What are the other five?

Answer 3

Clitoris
Ovaries
Fallopian tubes
Uterus
Vagina

Question 4

How many ovaries do females usually have and where are they located?

Answer 4

They have two, one on either side of the pelvic cavity.

Question 5

The ovarian ligament (attaches ovary medially to uterus) is one ligament that holds the ovaries in place. What are the other two?

Answer 5

Suspensory ligament (ovary to pelvic wall).
Mesovarium (ovary to fallopian tube).

Question 6

What are the two regions of the ovary?

Answer 6

Cortex - outer region where ooctyes develop inside ovarian follicles.
Medulla - inner region containing large blood vessels and nerves.

Question 7

True or false. The oocyte is fertilized in the fallopian tube, within the ampulla.

Answer 7

True.

Question 8

An oocyte is surrounded by a layer of cells that form a sac. What is the name of this sac?

Answer 8

Ovarian follicle. And they produce oestrogen and inhibin.

Question 9

Primordial follicle is the name of the stage when it is at its earliest, smallest follicle. What are the three other stages?

Answer 9

Primary Follicle
Secondary follicle
Vesicular / graafian / teritary follicle.

Question 10

What type of cells is the primordial follicle made up as it is around the oocyte?

Answer 10

Single layer of squamous cells.

Question 11

What is ovulation in a women?

Answer 11

Is the ejection of the oocyte by the ovarian follicle. It is the secondary follicles that develop each month.

Question 12

What is the name of the pain some women feel when they ovulate?

Answer 12

Mittelschmerz.

Question 13

After ovulation the follicle changes into a large yellow, glandular structure. What is the name of this?

Answer 13

Corpus lutem - produces progesterone and small amounts of oestrogen.

Question 14

Eventually the corpus luteum degenerates and forms white scar like structure. What is the name of this structure?

Answer 14

Corpus albicans.

Question 15

Endometrium is the inner most layer of the uterine wall. What are the other two layers?

Answer 15

Myometrium - middle layer of uterus wall.

Perimetrium - outer layer of uterus wall.

Question 16

What layer in the uterine wall is where the fertilised egg implants itself?

Answer 16

Endometrium.

Question 17

What type of muscle is the myometrium made up of?

Answer 17

Smooth muscle - contracts during childbirth and menstruation.

Question 18

What type of epithelium is the endometrium made up of?

Answer 18

Simple columnar epithelium, connectinve tissue, blood vessels and glands.

Question 19

There are two layers that make up the endometrium. What are they?

Answer 19

Function layer (straum functionalis)
Basal layer (stratum basalis)

Question 20

What layer of the the endometrium undergoes cyclical changes?

Answer 20

Functional layer. It is the thickest layer.

Question 21

The uterine tube is 10cm long. There are three regions, one is the infudibulum, what are the other two?

Answer 21

Ampulla

Isthmus

Question 22

The vagina is formed by 3 layers of highly distensible tissue. The outer layer is adventita, what are the other two layers?

Answer 22

Adventita - outer layer / fibrolastic connective tissue.
Muscularis - middles smooth muscle.
Mucosa - stratified squamous epipthelium.

Question 23

True or false.

The vagina has a high pH level which helps it prevent it from infection.

Answer 23

False, it has a low pH.

Question 24

What is the ovarian cycle?

Answer 24

Changes that occur in the ovaries in response to follicle stimulating hormone and luteninsing hormone secreted from the ant pituitary gland.

Question 25

What are the two phases of the Ovarian cycle?

Answer 25

Follicular phase - day 1-14 | Luteal phase - day 15-28

Question 26

A menstrual cycle is considered fluctations between what two hormones that cause the structure of endometrium to change?

Answer 26

Oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 27

There are three phases to the menstrual cycle. One is the menstrual phase, what is the other two?

Answer 27

Menstrual phase - day 1-5 Proliferative Phase - day 6-14 Secretory phase - day 15-28

Question 28

Biological the role of breasts is to produce milk. When does this occur in females?

Answer 28

Last trimester and breastfeeding.

Question 29

How many lobes does the internal anatomy of the breast have?

Answer 29

Between 15-25 lobes which radiate around and have ducts that open to the nipple.

Question 30

What is the role of the epididymis in the male reproductive system?

Answer 30

For sperm to develop the ability to swim (occurs around the testes).

Question 31

What is the name of the region of the male reproductive system that transports the sperm from epididyms to the urethra?

Answer 31

The Vas deferens.

Question 32

There are 3 glands that produce seminal fluid in the male reproductive system. One is the bulbourethral gland, what are the other two?

Answer 32

Prostate | Seminal vesicles

Question 33

The scrotum's function is to hold the testes and it will maintain a temperature for them. What is this temp?

Answer 33

3 degrees cooler than the core body temperature. This facilitates optimal sperm production.

Question 34

True or false. The muscles within the scrotum respond to ambient temp by altering location of testes in location to the torso.

Answer 34

True.

Question 35

The testes is surrounded by two layers, one is the tunica vaginalis. What is the other layer?

Answer 35

Tunica albuginea - deep white fibrous capsule. | Tunica vaginalis - extension of the peritoneum.

Question 36

Is testerone secreted into the interstitial fluid or extra cellular fluid?

Answer 36

It is secreted into interstitial fluid and then diffuses into blood.

Question 37

What gland and part of the brain stem detects levels of testosterone and inhibin in the body?

Answer 37

The ant pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

Question 38

How does the ovarian and menstrual cycle differ?

Answer 38

The ovarian cycle is changes within the ovaries. | The menstrual cycle is changes within the endometrium of the uterus.

Question 39

What is the function of the ovary?

Answer 39

To produce hormones - oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 40

An oocyte is released at ovulation and moves along the Fallopian tube. What is the name of it when it becomes fertilised?

Answer 40

Remains an oocyte until fertilisation, if it becomes fertilised it will become an ovum.

Question 41

True or false. The Functional layer of the endometrium breaks down and is shed during menstraution.

Answer 41

True.

Question 42

What layer of the endometrium in the uterine wall forms the base of the new functional layer for menstruation?

Answer 42

Basal layer.

Question 43

What day does ovulation occur and in response to what hormone being secreted?

Answer 43

Day 14. Ovulation occurs in response to a surge of LH. The vesicular follicle ruptures, releasing an oocyte.

Question 44

What hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates the ant pituitary gland?

Answer 44

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) and the hypothalamus detects the amount of progesterone and oestrogen in the blood. High levels of these two hormones will inhibit further secretion of GnRH.

Question 45

What is the effect of follicle stimulation hormone on the ovaries?

Answer 45

Stimulates the ovary to develop its ovarian follicles, these follicles secret oestrogen and ultimately release an oocyte at ovulation.

Question 46

What effect does luitensing hormone have on the ovaries?

Answer 46

Causes ovulation and the formation of corpus luteum which secretes progesterone.

Question 47

What phase of the ovarian cycle is where FSH is secreted by ant pituitary gland and will stimulate the ovarian follicles to get larger?

Answer 47

The follicular phase. The ovarian follicles will change from primary - to secondary - to vesicular follicles.

Question 48

After ovulation and in response to LH surge, what does the corpus luteum continue to do?

Answer 48

Causes the corpus luteum to continue to grow. If fertilisation occurs, then the corpus leteum will continue to grow and secrete oestrogen and progesterone.

Question 49

In the luteal phase, if fertilisation does not occur, what happens to the corpus luteum?

Answer 49

It will shrink between Day 22-28 and the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone decreases. The oocyte will break down int he fallopian tube.

Question 50

Between Day 1-5 the endometrium breaks down and passes out of the body. What is this called?

Answer 50

Menstruation - Menstrual phase

Question 51

Increasing oestrogen in the proliferative phase (day 6-14) causes what to occur?

Answer 51

Causes the functional layer to thicken (proliferate) therefore rebuilding and thickening the endometrium.

Question 52

True or false. | In the secretory phase, glycogen provides nutrition if fertilisation occurs?

Answer 52

True.

Question 53

The secretory phase can be broken into two steps. Between day 15-21 increasing progesterone causes the endometrial glands to develop and oestrogen will continue to thicken the endometrium. What is happening in step 2 - Day 22-28?

Answer 53

Decreasing oestrogen and progesterone causes the endometrium to break down.

Question 54

In the breast you have the suspensory ligament. What does this attach the breast to and function?

Answer 54

Attaches breast to the dermis of overlying skin and fascia of underlying pectoral muscle. It provides support for breasts.

Question 55

The spermatic cord encloses nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics. What male reproductive organs does it run between?

Answer 55

Runs between testis and vas deferens

Question 56

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the ant pituitary gland. What two hormones does this secrete to stimulate the testes?

Answer 56

Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH which stimulates testes to develop spermatozoa and secrete inhibit. Luteinising hormone - stimulate test to secrete testestorene.

Question 57

The penis is formed by 3 long cylinders of erectile tissue. There are two superior copra cavernosa, what is the other erectile tissue called?

Answer 57

corpus singiosum - which surrounds the urethra.

Question 58

What type of reflex that triggers the release of nitric oxide causing penile arterioles to dilate?

Answer 58

It is the parasympathetic reflex - which fills the penis with blood.

Question 59

Ejaculation is a parasympathetic or sympathetic response in the body?

Answer 59

Sympathetic reflex that results in constriction of bladder sphincter and contraction of reproductive ducts.

Question 60

What muscles of the penis contracts to allow the filling of the urethra and propels semen from the penis?

Answer 60

Bulbospongious much of the penis.

Question 61

What is the pathway for sperm leaving the penis?

Answer 61

teste - epididymis = vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - prostate gland - urethra - penis

Question 62

Semen consists of a mixture of two substances. What are they?

Answer 62

Sperm - male gametes | Seminal fluid - produced by testes, prostate gland, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral glands.

Question 63

Seminal fluid is alkaline. One reason is because neutralises acidity in the vagina. What is the other reason?

Answer 63

Sperm become sluggish when pH is below 6.

Question 64

Seminal fluid contains prostaglandins and clotting factors. What are four other substances found in seminal fluid?

Answer 64

Fructose / citrate - energy for sperm. Enzymes Substance that suppress female immune system. Antibotics - destroy some bacteria.