1
Q
What is the function of the testes?
A
- produces hormones and sperm
- located inside scrotum
- approximately 2*C lower than the rest of the body
- cremaster muscles elevate position of the testes for temp regulation
2
Q
Diagram of the testes?
A
page 335
3
Q
When can sperm begin to swim?
A
-once they mature inside the epididymus
4
Q
What does the vas deferens do?
A
-exit tube from the testes
5
Q
What does the epididymus do?
A
- store sperm/ mature sperm
6
Q
What do the seminiferous tubules do?
A
-create sperm
7
Q
What are the components of the seminiferous tubule?
A
- Sertoli cells
- leydig cells
- spermatogonia/ spermatocytes
8
Q
What do sertoli cells do?
A
- support and regulate spermatogenesis
- make up walls of tubule
9
Q
What do Leydig cells do?
A
- produce testosterone
- outside of the tubule
10
Q
What are spermatogonia/ spermatocytes?
A
-sperm cells
11
Q
What is spermatogenesis?
A
-initiated at puberty because testosterone levels start to rise
diagram page 337
12
Q
What type of signalling occurs by testosterone on Sertoli cells?
A
paracrine signalling
13
Q
What are the properties of testosterone?
A
- steroid
- lipophillic
- transported in blood bound to blood proteins
- testosterone receptors inside the cell
- testosterone affects transcription
14
Q
Sperm facts?
A
- man makes 100 million spermatozoa a day, 1500/sec
- takes 70-80 days to make a mature sperm
15
Q
What are testosterone levels in the body regulated by?
A
hypothalamic- anterior pituitary feedback
16
Q
What does the hypothalamic- anterior pituitary control?
A
- gonadotrophin- releasing hormone (GnRH)-> releases LH which acts on leydig cells and control testosterone production
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-> acts on sertoli cells
17
Q
How are testosterone levels regulated in the body?
A
diagram page 338
18
Q
What are the functions of testosterone?
A
- negative feedback on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
- spermatogenesis
- secondary sex characteristics
- anabolic reactions (muscle mass increase and RBC production)
19
Q
What is a vasectomy?
A
when the Vas Deferens is cut, still able to ejaculate, just not sperm
20
Q
Structure of the male reproductive system?
A
diagram page 339
21
Q
What happens when you take anabolic steroids?
A
- testes atrophy
- long term effects such as becoming sterile
22
Q
What does the prostate do?
A
secretes fluids
23
Q
What does the seminal vesicle do?
A
secretes fluids
24
Q
What do the bulbourethral glands do?
A
- produce fluid
- secrete hormones
25
What happens during prostate cancer?
- can't urinate
- as prostate enlarges it blocks off the urethra
- digital rectal exam to feel the size of the prostate
26
What are all the secretions found in semen?
- Seminal vesicles: 60%, fructose, clotting proteins (alkaline, basic)
- prostate gland: 30%, citric acid, enzymes (slightly acidic)
- bulbourethral glands: minor contribution, mainly mucus (alkaline)
- sperm 10%
- fluids: 90%
27
How many oogonia are produced in each ovary?
5-10 million, any up to 1 million oogonia progress into the primary oocyte
28
Where is the ovary located?
- in the upper pelvis
- internal structure
- oogonia exist prior to birth
29
What is the process of oogenesis?
diagram page 342
oogonia-> primary oocyte-> secondary oocyte and polar body-> ovum-> zygote
-meiosis 2 only takes place if the sperm fertilizes the egg
-only 1 oocyte fertilized so that you have only 1 child
30
What are the major differences between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
Spermatogenesis
-1 spermatogonia-> 2 spermatocytes-> 4 spermatids
-male start reproduction at puberty
male support cells stay stable always
Oogenesis
-1 oogonia-> 1 primary oocyte-> 1 reproductive cell
-females have all oocytes at birth
-females support cells change throughout their 28 day cycle
31
What is atresia?
when the oocytes die off
32
What occurs during follicular development?
diagram page 343
33
What is a follicle?
oocyte + support cells
34
What are the characteristics of a primary follicle and a secondary follicule?
diagram page 344
35
What is a Grafian Follicle?
- primary oocyte until just before ovulation, than becomes a secondary oocyte
- antrum develops
36
What does the corpus luteum do?
produces hormones
37
What do theca cells do?
produces androgens (male sex hormones, LH)
38
What do granulosa cells do?
produces estrogens ( female sex hormones, FSH)
39
What is the follicular phase?
the phase of the menstrual cycle where the follicle is developing in the ovary prior to ovulation
last around 14 days
40
What is the hormonal feedback pathway in females?
- negative feedback
- diagram page 345
- **there is a 2 day span of positive feedback
41
Days of a woman's cycle?
diagram page 346
42
What occurs during the early to mid follicular phase?
(day 1-12)
- negative feedback-> as estrogen rises, FSH and LH go down
- granulosa cells increase: lots of estrogen being produced
43
What occurs during the late follicular phase?
(day 12-14)
- estrogen levels are high
- LH and FSH go up-> positive feedback
- important for ovulation
44
What is the stimulus for ovulation?
- LH surge triggers ovulation
| - secondary oocyte develops brought on by an increase in estrogen levels
45
What is mittelschmeltz?
the pain women feel through days 12-14
46
What occurs during the luteal phase?
- remaining granulose and theca cells develop into a corpus luteum
- last an average of 14 days
47
What is the corpus luteum?
- left over granulosa and theca cells
- massive steroid hormone structure
- prolongs by 14 days
- negative feedback
- diagram page 348
48
Diagram of the female reproductive system?
page 349
49
What do the fallopian tubes do?
- passage for sperm and oocyte
| - has cilia sweeping oocyte to uterus
50
What does the cervix do?
prevents infection to the uterus
51
What is the entrometrium?
- lining that you bleed out
| - responds to hormones
52
What do the fimbriae do?
catch primary oocyte
53
What is the primary source that hormones come from in the female?
ovaries
54
How are uterine events influenced by hormonal changes?
- menses (loss of hormones)
| - lining thickens (day 5-27)
55
What are the effects of female sex hormones on the body?
- follicular development (estrogen)
- uterine changes (estrogen and progesterone)
- + and - feedback
- cardiovascular health
- bone density
- breast changes
56
How does birth control influence the monthly cycle?
- stabilizes levels of estrogen for all 28 days
- no + feedback
- no ovulation
- last 7 pills have no hormone in them
- no dominant follicule produced
57
What is menopause?
- end of reproductive age
- ovaries become less responsive
- no bleeding
- hormones synthesis decreases
58
How many sperm are in one ejaculation?
100 million
59
Where do the sperm penetrate in order for fertilization to occur?
the zona pellucida
60
What does the head of the sperm contain?
nucleus (23 chromosomes) and acrosome
61
What does the mid piece of the sperm contain?
mitochondria
62
What does the tail of the sperm contain?
flagellum (allows to to swim)
63
Where does fertilization take place?
in the fallopian tubes
64
How many sperm are in the vagina? in the fallopian tubes?
- 120 million
| - 100
65
How many days are you able to get pregnant?
5-6 days
66
What has to happen in order for fertilization to occur?
1. sperm reaches zona pellucida
2. acrosome reaction (enzymes)
3. fuse with plasma membrane of ovum
4. prevent other sperm from binding
5. sperm head enters ovum
6. meiosis (stage 2)
7. 2 nuclei fuse together
8. zygote is created
9. rapid cell division begins
67
At what day does a blastocyte form?
day 5
| has to reach the uterus by day 5
68
What type of cells form the placenta?
trophoblast cells
69
What type of cells form the baby?
inner cell mass
70
What are the functions of the placenta?
- provides nutrients to the baby
- gas exchange between mother and baby
- removal of fetal waste products
- acts as endocrine tissue
71
How does gas exchange take place between the maternal and fetal circulation?
placenta attaches to the uterus and allows for the exchange of oxygen and nutrients
72
What does the blastocyst make?
hCG-> signal corpus luteum to stay alive-> no bleeding
| 2 months the corpus luteum disappears
