Reproductive system

Question 1

Determination of Sex (2)

Answer 1

Most vertebrates have two genders;

• Genetically-determined (mammals Xy = males; XX = females)
• Environmentally determined (such as in reptiles & amphibians)

Question 2

Define;-

• gonads (what called in males & females)
• Gametes
• function of ducts

Answer 2

• Gonads: Primary sex organs (also produce lots of sex hormones)
  
  • ovaries in females
  • testes in male
• Gametes: sex cells produced by gonads
  
  • oocytes =female
  • sperm = male
• Functions of ducts: to transport gametes to site of fertilisation

Question 3

Reproductive System Homologue

• Ovaries
• clitoris
• Labia majora
• Vestibular glands

Answer 3

• Ovaries & Testes: produce games and sex hormones
• Clitoris & glans of penis: contain autonomic nervous system that stimulate feelings of arousal and sexual climax
• Labia majora & scrotum: protect and cover some reporductive structures
• vestibular glands & bulbourethral glands: screte mucin for lubrication

Question 4

Functions of female reproductive organs (5)

Answer 4

• Produce ovum
• Facilitate transport of sperm to site of fertilisation
• provide sanctuary and nourishment for developing embryo
• Provide passage for birth
• Provide nourishment for young

Question 5

Female reproductive organs:

• primary
• accessory organs (5)

Answer 5

• Primary organs: Ovaries
• Accessory organs;-
  
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Vagina
  • Clitoris
  • Mammary glands

Question 6

Ovaries

-How anchored to pelvic cavity

Answer 6

-Are paired, oval organs, slightly larger than an almond

-Anchored within pelvic cavity by;
mesocarium
broad ligament
ovarian ligament
suspensory ligament

Question 7

Structure of Ovary

Answer 7

• Surrounded by connective tissue capsule called tunica albuginea
• Divided to outer cortex & inner medulla
  
  • cortex contains ovarian follicles
  • medullar contains CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels & nerves

Question 8

Ovarian follicles

Answer 8

• Thousands of ovarian follicles in cortex of ovary
• Consist of an oocyte surrounded by follicle cells
• Several types of ovarian follicles, each representing different stage of development

Question 9

Stages of Ovarian follicle maturation

Answer 9

1. Primordial follicle
2. Primary follicle
3. Secondary follicle
4. Mature follicle

*When mature follicle ruptures and expels its oocyte, the remnants in ovary turn yellowish structure = Corpus tuteam -secretes sex hormones

Question 10

Uterine Tube (4 continuous regions)

Answer 10

1. Infundibulum: lateral opening of tube encircled by fingerlike projections
2. Ampulla: expanded region medial to infundibulum where fertilisation typically occurs
3. Isthmus: just medial to ampulla - approx. 1/3 of entire length
4. Uterine part: continuous w/ uterus

Question 11

3 layers of the walls of the uterine tubes

Answer 11

1. Mucosa: Ciliated columnar epithelial cells
2. Muscularis: inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
3. Serosa: external serous membrane covering uterine tube

Question 12

Ectopic implantation

Answer 12

-Where egg embeds in an abnormal site

Question 13

Uterus

• position
• anteverted and retroverted

Answer 13

• pear shaped, thick-walled muscular organ w/in pelvic cavity
• Has lumen that is continuous w/ uterine tubes
• angled anterosuperiorly across superior surface of urinary bladder (ANTEVERTED)
  
  • is positioned projecting towards rectum = retroverted

Question 14

Functions of uterus

Answer 14

1. Site of implantation
2. Supports and protects developing embryo/fetus
3. Ejects fetus during labour

Question 15

4 regions of uterus

-Muscular wall, external serous membrane & internal vascular epithelium

Answer 15

1. Fundus (upper part)
2. Body
3. Isthmus
4. Cervix

Muscular wall = myometrium

• external serous membrane
• internal vascular epithelium

Question 16

Blood supply to uterus

Answer 16

-Uterine arteries: branches from internal iliac arteries that supply the uterus

Question 17

Vagina - features

• vulva - 2 types
• Vestible - what it houses

Answer 17

-A fibromuscular tube approx. 10cm in length
-connects uterus to outside of body
-Vaginal orifice: Opening of vagina
Vulva: External genitalia
-labia majora: paired, thickened folds of skin, covered w/ hair, possessing sebaceous and sweat glands
-labia minora: paired folds medial to labia majora, devoid of hair, highly vascularised w/ numerous melanocytes

Vestible: space between labia minora
-houses urethral opening and vaginal opening

Question 18

Mammary Glands -what they are

-divisions

Answer 18

aka breast

• Composed of tubulaoalveolar exocrine gland
• secretory product (aka milk) contains proteins, fats and sugar
• subdivided into lobes, further divided into lobules
  
  • lobules contain secretory units called aveoli (what produces milk)

Question 19

What determines maleness?

Answer 19

• SIngle gene (SRY) on Y chromosome changes pattern of dvelopment in fetal gonad to that of a testis
• absence leads to XY female phenotype

Question 20

Androgen insensitivity syndrom

Answer 20

• tissues of reproductive organ system not responding, female characteristics develop, although male genetically
  
  • usually not diagnosed until puberty

Question 21

Organs of male reproductive system

• Primary
• Accessory

Answer 21

Primary: testes

Accessory organs: ducts and tubles, penis

Question 22

Scrotum

-muscle

Answer 22

• skin covered sac - provides testes w/ cooler environ (optimum temp is 3 degrees lower than body temp)
• dartos muscle layer of smooth muscle that is part of wall of scrotum - brings testes closer in cold, lowers them when hot

Question 23

Spermatic cord

• where originates
• Components (4)

Answer 23

-Originates at inguinal canal
-enclosed w/in pocket of periotenium
Consists of;-
-Testicular artery (branch off the abdominal aorta
-Pampiniform plexus (network of veins surrounding testicular atery)
-Cremaster muscle & fascia: formed from muscle fiber extensions of internal oblique muscle
-Autonomic nerves: travel w/ plexus and connect to testes (involved in regulation)

Question 24

Functions of Testes (2)

Answer 24

1. Produce sperm

2. Hormone production

Question 25

Testes

Answer 25

- Ovoid in structure, approx. 4 cm long - Tunica albuginea projects internally into the testes to form septa - septa subdivide to form about 250 lobules - each lobule contains four convoluted seminiferous tubules (in each)

Question 26

Seminiferous Tubules - 2 types of cells

Answer 26

- Conatin 2 types of cells; 1. Sustentacular cells: nondividing support cells that assist w/ sperm development; connected to each other by tight junctions and form blood-testis barrier (so blood doesnt come in direct contact w/ sperm) 2. Population of dividing germ cells that continuously produce sperm - begins at puberty

Question 27

Spermatogenesis & Spermiogenesis

Answer 27

- Most of maturation of sperm occurs in epididimus - get rid of anything they don't need - Midpiece contains lots of mitochondria (as well as centriole) - Tail forms from microtubules - acrosome cap - contains digestive enzymes that are needed for fertilisation

Question 28

Ducts in Male reproductive system (6)

Answer 28

- Rete testis - Efferent ductules - Epididymus - Ductus deferens - Ejaculatory duct - Urethra

Question 29

Epidiymis - 3 parts - function

Answer 29

-Situated on the posterosuperior surface of the testes 3 regions; 1. Head 2. Body 3. Tail Internally, contains long convoluted duct of epidiymis - stores sperm and serves in the maturation process of sperm

Question 30

Ductus Deferens

Answer 30

- Sperm leaving epidiymis enter the ductus deferens (vas deferens) - Tube travels w/in spermatic cord and enters pelvic cavity through inguinal canal

Question 31

Urethra

Answer 31

-Transports semen from both ejaculatory ducts to the outside of body -transports urine from bladder to outside of body 3 portions: 1. Prostatic urethra 2. Membranous urethra 3. Spongy urethra

Question 32

Accessory Glands -3 glands -what 3 glands do

Answer 32

-Three glands that secrete fluids to mix w/ sperm to create seminal fluid -nourish sperm & help neutralize acidity of vagina 3 glands: 1. Seminal vesicles: nourishment 2. Prostate gland: produces nourishment & mucous 3. Bulbourethral glands: secretions before ejaculation to clean out urethra

Question 33

Seminal vesicles - what it secretes Prostrate secretion Bulbourethral glands

Answer 33

Seminal vesicles: secrete viscous, whitish-yellow, alkaline fluid containing fructose (ENERGY) and prostaglandis (TYPE OF HORMONE - stimulates cervix to relax) - prostrate secretion: slightly acidic & contains mucin, citric acid and antibacterial agents - Bulbourethral glands: secrete mucin into spongy urethra at base of penis - flushes before ejaculation

Question 34

Semen - what is it

Answer 34

- Seminal fluid from 3 accessory glands combines w/ sperm to make up semen - when released during ejaculation = ejaculate - usu. 3-5ml, contains 200-500 million sperm

Question 35

Penis

Answer 35

- Penis & scrotum form external genitalia in males - Internally, attached portion = root of penis - Body (shaft) is elongated portion - Tip of penis = glans (slightly bulbous in shape) - surrounds external urethral orifice -Lots of spaces w/in spongy tissue to allow structure to become rigid

Question 36

Penis

Answer 36

- Penis & scrotum form external genitalia in males - Internally, attached portion = root of penis - Body (shaft) is elongated portion - Tip of penis = glans (slightly bulbous in shape) - surrounds external urethral orifice -Lots of spaces w/in spongy tissue to allow structure to become rigid

Question 37

Erectile bodies w/in penis (3)

Answer 37

- Are parallel, cylindrical erectile bodies; 1. Paired Copora cavernosa - located dorsolaterally & terminate at distal shaft of penis 2. Single copus spongiosum: inferior and midline that surrounds spongy urethra 3. Distal end of corpus spongiosum continues w/in glans

Question 38

Erection and Ejaculation

Answer 38

- Erectile bodies composed of venous spaces - fill w/ blood from a central artery to produce an erection - Parasympathetic nervation responsible for penile erection - Ejaculation: expelling of semen from the penis by rhythmic contraction of the smooth muscle of the urethra (causes ejaculation - also from pelvic muscles) - Sympathetic innervation promotes ejaculation