Reproductive System

Question 1

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 1

• differs from asexual reproduction in that the genetic material of two organisms combine and results in a genetically unique offspring
• occurs via the fusion of two gametes, specialized sex cells produced by each parent

Question 2

What does sexual reproduction require

Answer 2

• the production of functional sex cells or gametes by adult organisms
• the union of these cells (fertilization and conjugation) to form a zygote
• the development of the zygote into another adult, completing the cycle

Question 3

Gonads

Answer 3

specialized organs that the gametes are produced in

• male gonads, the TESTES, produce sperm in the tighly coiled seminiferous tubules
• The female gonads, the OVARIES, produce OOCYTES (EGGS)

Question 4

Hermaphrodites

Answer 4

possess both functional male and female gonads,

-include the hydra and the earthworm

Question 5

Gametogenesis

Answer 5

• the production of functional sex cells
• In males, the process is called SPERMATOGENESIS or sperm production and occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
• In females, the process is called OOGENESIS, or egg production, and occurs in the ovaries

Question 6

Fertilization

Answer 6

the union of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a zygote with a diploid number of chromosomes

Question 7

Internal fertilization

Answer 7

• practiced by terrestrial vertebrates
• provides a direct route for sperm to reach the egg cell
• this increases the chances of fertilization success, and females produce fewer eggs

Question 8

Where are the testes located?

Answer 8

in the SCROTUM

Question 9

scrotum

Answer 9

and external pouch that maintains the testes temp @ 2-4 degrees celsius lower than the body temp–essential for sperm survival

Question 10

What is the passageway for sperm?

Answer 10

• sperm passes the testes through the VAS DEFERENS, to the EJACULATORY DUCT, and then to the URETHRA
• the urethra passes through the penis until it terminates with an external opening at the GLANS of the penis

Question 11

Testes

Answer 11

also the site of production of testosterone

Question 12

testosterone

Answer 12

regulates secondary secondary male sex characteristics including facial and pubic hair, and voice changes

Question 13

Spermatogenesis

Answer 13

sperm production

Question 14

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Answer 14

occurs at the seminiferous tubules

Question 15

what does the head of the sperm consist of?

Answer 15

the nucleus

Question 16

The purpose of the tail of the sperm

Answer 16

propels the sperm

Question 17

What does the neck of the sperm contain

Answer 17

the mitochondria which provides energy for locomotion

Question 18

Acrosome

Answer 18

• cap like structure derived from the golgi apparatus
• develops over the anterior half of the head
• contains enzymes need to penetrate the tough outer covering of the ovum

Question 19

Where are the ovaries found?

Answer 19

found in the abdominal cavity below the digestive system

Question 20

What do the ovaries consist of

Answer 20

follicles

Question 21

follicle

Answer 21

a multilayered sac of cells that contains, nourishes, and protects the immature ovum

-produce estrogen

Question 22

uterus

Answer 22

each fallopian tube opens into the upper end of a muscular chamber called the uterus which is the site of fetal development

Question 23

Where is a inmature ovum drawn to when released?

Answer 23

is released from the ovary into the abdominal cavity and is drawn by cilia into the nearby OVIDUCT, also known as a FOLLOPIAN TUBE

Question 24

Cervix

Answer 24

lower narrow end of the uteris

-connects with the vaginal canal

Question 25

Vaginal Canal

Answer 25

site of sperm deposition during intercourse | -also the passageway through which a baby is expelled during child birth

Question 26

Oogenesis

Answer 26

-the production of female gametes

Question 27

where does oogenesis occur?

Answer 27

ovarian follicles

Question 28

What are inmature ova known as?

Answer 28

primary oocytes--diploid cells that form by mitosis in the ovary

Question 29

What surrounds the oocyte cell membrane

Answer 29

INNER ZONA PELLUCIDA LAYER | CORONA RADIATA LAYER (OUTER LAYER)

Question 30

what does the mature ovum contain?

Answer 30

cytoplasm, RNA, organelles, and nutrients needed by the developing embryo

Question 31

What regulates the Leteinizing hormones (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (STH)?

Answer 31

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 32

Estrogen

Answer 32

- steroid hormone necessary for normal female maturation - stimulate the development of the female reproductive tract, contribute to the development of secondary sexual characteristics, and influence libido - responsible for the thickening of the endometrium (the inner lining of the uterine wall) - secreted by the ovarian follicles and corpus Leteum

Question 33

Progesterone

Answer 33

- a steroid hormone secreted by the corpus Luteum during the Leutel phase of the menstrual cycle - stimulates the development and maintenance of the endometrium in prep for implantation

Question 34

What are the different stages of the menstrual Cycle

Answer 34

- follicular phase - ovulation - leutal phase - menstruation

Question 35

Follicular Phase

Answer 35

- begins with the ending of the menstruation flow form the previous cycle - FSH from the anterior pituitary promotes the development of the follicle, which grows and begins secreting estrogen

Question 36

Ovulation

Answer 36

- midway through the cycle, ovulation occurs - a mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum - ovulation is caused by a surge in LH and is preceded by a peak in estrogen levels

Question 37

How often do women ovulate

Answer 37

once every 4 weeks (unless pregnant or lactating) until menopause, which typically occurs between ages 45 and 50

Question 38

Menopause

Answer 38

the ovaries become less sensitive to the hormones that stimulate follicle development (FSH and LH) and eventually atrophy - the remaining follicles disappear - the remaining estrogen and progesterone levels greatly decline and ovulation stops - the profound changes in hormone levels are often accompanied by physiological and psychological changes that persist until a new balance is reached

Question 39

Luteal Phase

Answer 39

after ovulation, LH maintains the remnant of the rupture follicle called the Corpus Leteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone

Question 40

What is essential for the maintenance of the endometrium?

Answer 40

progesterone and estrogen